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tointoii's IJrhnar]) ^Intttir Stutcs. 
FIRST LESSONS 



IN 



OUR COUNTRY'S HISTORY: 



BEIXGING OUT ITS SALIEXT POINTS, 



AIMIKG TO COMBIJ^E SIMPLICITY WITH SEJVSR 



By WILLIAM SWINTON, A. M., 

AUTHOR OP " CONDENSED OISTORT OP THE UNITED STATES," " WORD-ANALYSIS,'' 
ETC., ETC. 



NEW YORK AND CHICAGO: 
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, 

BY WILLIAM SWINTON, 

in tLe Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 






PREFACE 



The recent extension of the study of United States' history 
into the lower grades of our schools has suggested the need 
of a class-book fitted to their wants. Of histories which the 
child may read by the mother's knee there is no lack ; but 
this is not what is required for school study, which must not 
only convey impressions, but impart a certain amount of avail- 
able knozv ledge. 

In the present manual, — which is of an entirely different 
type from his " Condensed History of the United States, — 
the author has sought to supply this want. 

In doing so, he has aimed at two things as desirable : — 

The first is, to bring out to prominent view the salient points 
of our country's history, and such only. In so great a mass of 
details, selection was absolutely necessary ; for when thousands 
of facts are put before the child's mind, and everything is made 
equally important, it simply results that everything becomes 
equally ?/:;nmportant. Hence the author has endeavored to 
apply the principles of historical perspective to his treatment, 
— to subordinate minutiae of date and place and number and 



iv PREFACE. 



circumstance, and bring to the foreground prominent and vital 
facts. 

The second thing the author has aimed at is, to be simple 
in the mode of presentation without falling into the prevalent 
sin of children's histories, to wit, silliness in point of matter. 
They misjudge the nature of the young mind who deem that a 
child does not prefer good sense to twaddle. What the pupil 
finds difficult is rarely the thought : it is generally an abstract 
mode of expression or an elaborate structure of sentence. On 
this head the author's ideal is on the title-page, — to combine 
simplicity zvith sense. 

The teacher will notice that the questions are put in the 
margin. It is believed that this arrangement will be found 
exceedingly convenient to both teacher and pupil. The ques- 
tions have been made approximate enough to be a guide, not 
literal enough to be a servile rule. Great care has been taken 
to avoid the catechetical abomination, — a method that inevita- 
bly dwarfs the pupil's power of expression, and, by so doing, 
deprives him of one of the chief educational benefits of a history 
lesson. The illustrations which embellish the First Lessons 
have been drawn by the best artists, and engraved in a superior 

manner. 

w. s. 



CONTENTS 



PART I.— Discoveries and Settlements. 

PAGE 

I. Four Centuries Ago i 

II. The Voyage of Discovery 8 

III. How England and France came to claim Part of America 15 

Ponce de Leon, 20. De Soto discovers the Mississippi, 21. Conquest of Mex- 
ico, 23 

IV. Spanish Adventures and Conquests iq 

V. The American Indians 26 

VI. A Review Lesson 32 

VII. Virginia and the Southern Colonies 34 

Earlv History of Virginia, 36. Indian Massacres, 39. About the Government 
of Virginia, 40. Growth of Virginia, 41. Daughter-Colonies of Virginia, 43. 

VIII. New England 46 

Massachusetts Bay Colony, 48. Connecticut, 49. Rhode Island, 50. New 
England Life and Growth, 51. 

IX. New York and the Middle Colonies 57 

New Jersey, 6c. Pennsylvania, 60. 

X. The Struggle with France 63 

XI. A Review Lesson 72 

PART II. — The American Revolution. 

I. Why the Colonies Revolted 73 

II. Campaigns and Battles of the Revolutionary War . 80 

Operations around Boston, 80. Lexington, 81. Bunker Hill, 82. Washing- 
ton, 83. Attack on Charleston, 85. Washington moves to New York, 86. 
The Declaration of Independencj, 87. Tlie Campaign in New York. 88. 
Retreat through Jersey, 90. The Victory at Trenton, 90. The Tennsylvania 
Campaign, 91. Burgoyne's Campaign, 93. The French aid America, 95. 
England asks for Peace, 96. The Scene shifts, 96. Massacre of Wyoming, 
97. The War in the South, 98. Treason of Arnold, 100. Siege of York- 
town, loi. Close of the War, 102. The Constitution, 103. 

III. GuEAT Men of the Revolution 105 

George Washington, 105. Benjamin Franklin, 107. Patrick Henry, 109. 
Lafayette, m. Thomas Jefferson, 112. General Natlianiel Greene, 113. 
John Paul Jones, 115. Other distinguished Soldiers, 117. 

IV. A Review Lesson 119 

PART III.— The United States. 

I. The Times of Washington 121 

II. Our Presidents 125 

III. The Great West 127 

Boone and Kentucky, 127- Tennessee, 130. Ohio, 130. 



VI CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

IV. The Second War with England 132 

Raids into Canada, 133. Naval Operations, 134. American Victories in Can- 
ada, 136. Battle of Lake Cnamplain, 137, Tlie British at Washington and 
Baltimore, 138. Battle otlMew Orleans, 138. Peace, 139. 

V. Growth of our Country 140 

Beyond the Mississippi, 140. Hamilton and Burr, 141. War with the Bar- 
bary Pirates, 142. Fulton an-1 the First Steamboat, 143. Battle of Tippeca- 
noe, 144. Florida purchased by the United states, 146. Twentj^-five Years 
after Washington's Deatti, 146. Death of John Adams and Thomas Jeffer- 
son, 148. Jackson's Administration, 148 Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. 149. 
Independence ol Texas, 151. Tlie First Telegraph, 152. The Mexican 
War, 153. Conquest of California, 156. Discovery of Gold, 157. The New 
Far West, 158. The Slavery Struggle, 160. Election of Lincoln, 161 Se- 
cession, 163. 

PART IV.— The War of Secession. 

I. The War begins.— Fort Sumpter 164 

II. Battle of Bull Run i6s 

III. Battles and Campaigns of 1862 168 

Capture of Fort Donelson, 168. Battle of Shiloh, 169. Bra":g's Invasion of 
Kentucky, 169. Battle of Murfreesboro', 170, INlcClellan s Campaign on 
the Peninsula, 170. Battle of Antietam, 171. Battle ot Fredericksburg, 
172. Capture ot New Orleans, 172. The Monitor and Merrimac, 174. ' 

IV. Battles and Campaigns of 1863 t75 

The Emancipation Proclamation, 175. Vicksburg, 175. Battles at Chatta- 
nooga, 176 Operations against Charleston, 177. Chancellorsville, 177. 
Gettysburg, 178. 

V. Battles and Campaigns of 1S64 180 

Grant's Campaign in the East, 180. Sheridan in the Valley, 181. Sherman's 
March to the Sea, 181. Farragut at Mobile, 182. The Alabama and the 
Kearsarge, 183. 

VI. The Final Campaign 184 

The Situation in the Spring of 1865, 184. Sherman's Operations. 184. Grant's 
Operations, 185. Assassmation of Lincoln, 186. Peace, 187, 

VII. Facts and Reflections 187 

VIII. A Review Lesson 191 

PART v.— Administrations since the War. 

I. Johnson's Administration i93 

Reconstruction, 193. Impeachment of the President, 195. The French in 
Mexico, 195. Purchase ot Alaska, 196. The Atlantic Cable, 196. 

II. Grant's Administration I97 

III. Hayes's Administration 200 

IV. Garfield's and Arthur's Administrations . . . .201 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Columbus sailing from Palos and landing at Gua- Desisjner. Engraver. 

NAHANi IV. IVaud . . Karst . 

Columbus on his Voyage oi- Discovery A. R. ll^mtd . Orr . 

Map of the Route of Columbus, — First Voyage . . IVells .... \l\ilker 

Christopher Columbus A. R. IVaud . Orr 

Sir Walter Raleigh A. R. ll''aiid . Orr . 

De Soto discovering the Mississippi A. R. IVaud . Karst . 

Map of the Route of De Soto . ■ IVells .... Karst . 

India.\ Life and Barbarities A.R. IVaud . Karst. 

Map to illustrate Claims IVells .... Karst. 

Initial Emblem of the Cavaliers C. Eytinge . . Karst. 

Map of Jamestown and Vicinity IVells .... Karst. 

James Oglethorpe {Photograph) . Karst. 

Initial Emblem of the Puritans C. Eytinge . . Karst. 

Initial Emble.m of the Dutch in New Amsterdam . IV. IVaud . . Karst. 

Seal of Pennsylvania IV. Wand . . Karst . 

Plains of Abu.vHam IV. IVaud . . Karst . 

Map of Operations around Quebec IVells .... Karst . 

Fight at the Liberty-z-ole, New York A. R. IVaud . Karst. 

Stamp A.t Riots Gilbert . . . Anthony 

Map of the Battle of Bunker Hill Wells .... Kinnesly 

Valley Forge W. Wand . . Kant. 

Map of the Siege of Yorktown Wells .... Karst . 

George Washington (Photograph) . Spifgel 

Benjamin Franklin (Photograph) . Spiegel 

Patrick Henry (Photograph) . Spiegel 

Mari^uis de L.\fayette (Photograph) . Spiegel 

Tho.mas Jefferson (Photograph) . Spiegel 

Nathaniel Greene (Photograph) Spiegel 

John Paul Jones A. R. IVaud . Anthony 

Daniel Boone in Kentucky A.R. Wand . Karst. 

Perry's Victory on Lake Erie A. R. IVaud . Karst. 

Map of the Battle of Plattsburg Wells .... Karst. 

Fulton's first Steamboat A.R. IVaud . Karst. 

Daniel Webster A. R. IVaud . Anthony 

Henry Clay A.R. IVaud . Anthony 



Page 
I 
7 
9 
M 
18 
19 
23 
26 
33 
34 
36 
45 
46 
57 
62 

63 

70 
73 
76 
82 
92 
102 
105 
107 
109 



114 
»'5 
127 
»35 
'37 
«43 
149 
150 



Vlll 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Designer. 

John C. Calhoun A. R. IVaud 

Professor Samuel F. B. Morse {Photograph) 

General Scott {Photograph) 

Beyond the Mississippi A. R. kVaud 

Abraham Lincoln {Photograph) 

The Retreat from Bull Run A. R. Waiid 

The Capture of New Orleans W. Wand . 

Gettysburg A. R. IVand 

Map of Operations in the East IVelis . . . 

Map of Operations in the West fVetts . . . 

Andrew Johnson {Photograph) 

Ulysses S. Grant {Photograph) 

Rutherford B. Hayes {Photograph) 

James A. Garfield {Photograph) 

Chester A. Arthur {Photograph) 



Engraver. 


Page 


A nthony . 


151 


Spiegel . 


152 


Spiegel . 


154 


Karst. . 


159 


Karst. . 


162 


Karst . . 


166 


Karst . . 


173 


Karst . . 


179 


Karst . . 


189 


Karst . . 


190 


Spiegel . 


193 


Karst . . 


197 


Karst. 


200 


Karst . . 


201 


Karst . . 


202 



L_. 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



sea which surrounds the globe. But, four 
hundred years ago, the ocean, which enables 
us to go so swiftly from one continent to 
another, nearly stopped the movements of 
people ; so mariners could only sail timidly 
along the coasts. 

2. The most learned men, four hundred 
years ago, did not know that the earth is 
round. If they had been told that a ship 
might start from a port, and, by sailing on- 
ward for many months in the same direction, 
come round to its starting-point, they would 
have scoffed at the idea. 

3. At that time the prairies and forests of 
the Western World were the home of red 
Indians, who hunted and fished and led a 
savao^e life in the wild freedom of nature. All 
this time, the people who lived in Europe 
knew nothing about the Western Continent ; 
and they remained ignorant of it till about 
four hundred years ago, when the New 
World was discovered by a bold Italian nav- 
igator, named Christopher Columbus. 

4. The reason why the ancients did not 
know the real shape of the earth, or the 
existence of America, is because the great 



What of the 
ocean now and 
400 years ago ? 



What did 
learned men 
think about the 
shape of the 
earth ? 



What of 
America at this 
time ? 



How long 
were Euroi:)eans 
i.ynorant of the 
Western Conti- 
nent ? 



Why did the 
ancients not 
know about 
America ? 



FOUR CENTURIES AGO. 



art of navigation was then in a very rude 
state. 

5. The first thing that enabled sailors to 
launch out boldly on the trackless sea was 

that wonderful invention, the mariner's com- ^^'^^^ Q^ ^^^ 

compass ? 

pass, v-.'hich came into use early in the fif- 
teenth century. The Portucruese, Spaniards, ^-''^"^^ ^^^^ 

J iD ' r ' sealanng na- 

and Italians, who were then the most com- ^'""s- 
mercial and seafaring nations of Europe, be- 
gan to venture out on the Atlantic. The 
Azore Islands, which lie far out in the At- .^eii of their 

. discoveries. 

lantic, to the west of Europe, were discovered 
about this time. The western coast of Africa, 
also, was explored nearly down to its most 
southern point. 

6. Columbus was born just at the period ^\i?o ^yas born 

•^ ^ ■■• at this time ? 

when these bold new enterprises were go- 
ing on. His birthplace was the city of 
Gen o-a, on the Med-i-ter-ra ne-an Sea. It is Teii about him 

when a lad. 

related that when a lad he took to the water 
as thouii^h it were his native element; but 
tilis was not merely because he had a boy- 
ish love of adventure, for at the same time 
he was diligently studying all that was then ^^'^ ^^tudies. 
known about geography and navigation. 
After he grew to be a man he continued 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



to follow the sea: for many years he was 
Tell about him captain of Genoese caravels, which were 

as a sea-captain. ■•■ 

queer-looking, high-prowed ships, and he 

made trading voyages, and was in sea-fights, 

Was this the and suffered shipwreck. Thus he grew 

trlin\ng7 ° strong and brave for the great work which 

he was born to do. 

7. When Columbus was about forty years 
old he came to the conclusion that he could 

Can you men- make a far bolder voyage than had ever 
voyage^ Coium- bccn attempted before. His studies had led 
bus thought of? ^^^^ ^^ \,eii^^^^ that our earth, instead of 

Why did he being: flat, as was thoupht, is round. Hence 

think he could ^ i 1 1 i -t i 

sail round to the hc was firmly pcrsuadcd that by sailing due 
westward from. Europe across the Atlantic 
he would come round to the eastern coast 
of Asia. 

8. Why did Columbus wish to reach Asia f 
Give his rea- jj^g rcason was that his countrymen, the 

son for wishing , \ix ^' 

to sail to India. Italian merchants living on the Mediterra- 
nean Sea, were carrying on a rich trade with 
India; but they had to bring the silks and 
spices and pearl and gold of the East over^ 
land by caravans, and it was dangerous and 
expensive to transport their goods by this 
route ; hence Columbus thought it would be 



FOUR CENTURIES AGO. 



a great thing if he could sail to India all the 
way by sea. Columbus was also a deeply 
relioious man, and he lon^red oreatlv to , ^fention what 

. ^ ^ ^ -^ he wished as a 

bring the unknown barbarous nations of christian, 
the far East to a knowledge of the Chris- 
tian faith. 

Q. Perhaps you will ask why the Italian Teii why India 

1 T 1 M 11^- could not then 

merchants did not sail round the Cape of be reached by 
Good Hope, and reach India in that way. Good Hope. 
The answer is, that it was not known at this 
time that a ship could sail round the south- 
ern point of Africa. The passage round the 
Cape of Good Hope was not discovered till 
two or three years after Columbus discovered 
America. 

lo. It generally happens that those whom 
God means shall make great discoveries for 
mankind meet a cold reception from the .^y^^L^'lt^^'" 

^ trials d)d Co- 

very people that they are to benefit. Colum- 
bus tasted this bitter cup. He burned to 
make a voyage that should determine wheth- 
er he was right in his bold idea of reach- 
ing Asia by sailing due westward ; but the 
first thing was to secure the patronage of 
some king or court that would give him 
the means to fit out a vessel. He applied 



lumbus have ? 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



to various governments, and spent ten years 
of weary waiting ; but he received no encour- 
agement. 
Give an ac- II. Finally, he went to Spain. The sov- 

count of the . - ^ . , .1 , ,• r\ 

years spent by crcigns of Spam at that time were yueen 
Columbus in jg^i^^^^ ^^^^ j^j^^g Ferdinand. Columbus 

was quite well treated ; but he did not ob- 
why he was tain the help he wanted ; for the sovereigns 

not listened to. , 1 1 • 1 

did not care to spend money on a plan which 

was called a wild dream by all the learned 

men. 

Failing in 12. Columbus waitcd seven years, and 

hallow propose then, heart-sore, but undaunted, turned his 

^° ^° ■ back on the court of Spain, resolving to go 

and apply to the King of France. While on 

What stopped Yi[^ ^yav he was overtaken by a royal mes- 

him ? -^ 1 1 1 • 1 1 

senger, sent by the Queen to call him back. 
The dream of Columbus suddenly seemed 
to Isabella an inspired prophecy, and she 
Relate the exclaimcd : " I undertake the expedition for 
isaiJeHa said, my owu crowu of Castilc, and will pledge 
my jewels to obtain the means!" This 
speech showed the noble spirit of the Queen. 
However, the sacrifice of her jewels was not 
needed, because other means were found; 
so, at last, after nearly twenty years of dis- 



FOUR CENTURIES AGO. 



appointment, Columbus 
was gladdened by hearing 
the order given to fit out 
a fleet. 

13. At a little seaport of 
Spain named Palos \^pali- 
los\ three small craft, hard 
ly bigger than the yachts 
of our day, were got ready. 
Their names were the San'- 
ta Maria \_ma-re' ah\ which 
Admiral Columbus himself 
commanded, the Pinta, and 
the Nina \_nenah\ The 
whole number of persons 
on board was one hundred 
and twenty. The sun rose (August 3, 1492) on the litde 
fleet sailing forth on the voyage of discovery. 




Loluinbus on Ins Voyage of Discovery. 



Questions. — Where was the fleet fitted out? Names of the ships. How 
many persons were on board the three ships .'' Give the date of sailing. 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



11. THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. 



What map and i. The scliolai* will find on the opposite 

picture are spo- r /- i i ir 

ken of? page a map of the voyage of Columbus. If 

he turns back to the first page, he will find a 
very pretty picture of the two principal events 
of the voyage, — the sailing from Palos in 
Spain (which is at the bottom of the page) 
and the landing in the New World. 

2. When Columbus left Palos, he steered 
Where did ^o the southwcst, and reached one of the 

Columbus first 

sail ? Canary Isles, named Go-me'ra. Beyond this 

was the dark, mysterious, unexplored sea. 
What courage and faith it needed to launch 
out on its untried, trackless waste ! 
What is said ^^ It was the most wonderful voyage ever 
made. The ignorant fears of the sailors 
peopled the ocean with awful dangers. The 
Tell two things compass poiutcd wrong, and the men thought 

that alarmed the , , , . , i • i • i i i • 

sailors. that the trade-wmds, which carried the ships 

swiftly westward, would prevent them from 
ever getting back. Columbus invented plau- 
sible reasons for all these things. Still, as 



THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. 



day by day carried 
them farther and far- 
ther away froni home, 
their alarm increased. 

4. At length they 
grew mutinous, and 
wanted to turn back ; 
but Columbus stood 
very firm. He did not 
say he w^ould turn 
back if they did not 
find land in three days 
(as you may have read 
in some books), — no, 
he declared that he 
was bound by the help 
of Heaven to go to 
India! 

5. Finally, after 
many days' sailing, the 
faith of the great cap- 
tain was rewarded with 
signs that surely betok- 
ened land. Thus, the 
sounding-line reached 
the bottom, land-birds 




lO PRIMARY HISTORY. 



hovered about the ships, and some of the 

sailors took up the branch of a tree with red 

berries quite fresh. 

Why did Co- 6. CoUimbus now felt so sure of being 

sh^s^'ai'i^hor?'^ near land that on the evening of the nth 

of October he ordered the ships to lie by. 

Tell about the No man closcd his eyes that night, and 

mentiatnigit. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ intently looking in the 

direction where they supposed land would 
appear. 
About the light 7. About tw^o hours before midnight, Co- 
seen y o urn- j^^j^^i^^g ^^^g standing on the forecastle when 

he observed a light at a distance. A little 
When was ^ftcr miduiHit the joyful sound of Land/ 

land first seen ? *-* ^ r -r.* 

Land! was heard from the Pmta. 

Relate what 8. When the morning dawned, the voy- 

moniing. '" ^^^ agcrs saw an island about five miles to the 

north, — an island clad in lovely verdure, and 

w^hich the natives called Guanahani S^gzvah- 

Describewhat na-Jid ne\ All shed tears of joy, and raised 

the sailors did. J _ _ ■' •' 

a hymn of thanksgiving to God. Then they 
fell at the feet of Columbus, and implored 
his pardon for their ignorance and insolence 
and the pain they had given him. 
Give an ac- g. Immediately the boats were all manned 
SKhng. and armed, and with colors displayed, and 



THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. I I 



warlike music, and other martial pomp, the 
crews rowed toward the shore. Columbus 
landed in a rich dress, and with his drawn 
sword in his hand, while his men followed. 
They set up a cross, and, prostrating them- 
selves before it, returned thanks to Heaven 
for their prosperous voyage. Columbus then 
caused the royal standard of Castile and Leon 
to be set up, and thus took possession of the 
land for the crown of Spain. 

10. While the Spaniards were thus em- 
ployed, they were surrounded by the natives, Teii about the 

. , • 1 1 r 1 r natives, — what 

a smiple-mmded and peaceful race of tawny- they were like, 

, . , , , , 1 • 1 'I'ltl what they 

skmned, naked savages, who gazed with thought. 
astonishment on the new-comers. They 
thought them the children of the sun, or 
visitants from some spirit world. Columbus yhat did 

^ ^ Columbus name 

named the natives "Indians," because he them, and why? 
thought the island he had found really lay 
off the coast of India, or Eastern Asia; he 
had no idea that he had discovered a new 
continent. 

11. Columbus next sailed southward, and p^^^rathTof the 
discovered the islands of Cu'ba and Hayti voyage. 
[//^V-]. All the natives they found were 

naked savao;es, who kissed the feet of the 



12 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Spaniards, and willingly exchanged their 
gold ornaments for beads and pins given 
them by the sailors. 
When did Co- 12. After spending some time in explor- 

lumbus start to . . ^ . 

go back? ing the islands, Columbus early in the new 

year (1493) turned his prows homewards, — 

carrying with him the greatest news ever 

borne by any ship over any sea. 

Give an ac- 17 It almost sccmcd as thouo:h the an- 

count of the • i i ii 

storm. gry deep wished to swallow up all proof of 

the grand discovery, for a terrible storm 

arose, and the ships nearly foundered. Co- 

What did Co- Kimbus, when he expected his vessels to sfo 

lumbus do ? ^ ... 

down, wrote an account of his discoveries 
on parchment, enclosed it in a cake of wax, 
and the cake in a cask which was thrown 
overboard. 

14. But Heaven watched over the discov- 
erer of the New World. The ships reached 

What of the Spain in safety. Columbus had a orrand re- 

welcome home . -^ . . 

of Columbus? ception, and the King and Queen imme- 
diately ordered a large and fine fleet to be 
fitted out. 

15. There were some conceited people 
who pretended, a/^er Columbus had made 
the discovery, that it was not so wonderful a 



THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY. 1 3 

thing, after all. It is related that at a ban- The courtier 

^ ,. , . •11 T 1 1 • 1 ^^^^^ could dis- 

qiiet a ioolish courtier said he did not think cover America, 

•, 1 1 i_ 1 ii T l^"t could not 

it was very hard to make the discovery, make an egg 
Columbus asked him to make an egg stand aboul' h[m!^' 
on end, and when he had to own that he 
could not do it, Columbus broke the end of 
the egg, when it stood very readily, — which 
was a courteous but severe rebuke to the 
pretender, was it not? 

1 6. Columbus made a second, third, and ,/^°'^ "^^"^ 

' ' other voyages 

fourth vovao^e. Durino^ this time he planted did Coiumbus 

'' ^ . , ^ . ^ make ? 

several colonies in the West India Islands, where did he 

. fomid colonics ? 

He also discovered South America, near the what great 
mouth of the Orino'co River, in 1498. m^irfnMgs'?' 

17. It was the lot of Columbus to receive ^yhatdidCo- 

. . . . iLimbus suffer ? 

injustice and neglect m return for the great- 
est benefits. His fame stirred up the ieal- His fame 

stirred up what ? 

ousy and hatred of powerful persons at the 
Spanish court. He was deprived of the gov- Repeat what 
ernment of the colony he had founded in the last sad years of 
New World, and sent home in chains. Af- 
ter the death of his friend. Queen Isabella, 
he was treated still worse, and was allowed 
to die in poverty and neglect, at the age of 
seventy-two. 

18. You would say — would you not? — 



14 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What should that the New World should have been called 

the New World ^ , , . . ■■ r i v 

have been Cohimoia 111 lioiior 01 the great discoverer. 

But even this justice was denied Columbus. 

It did not receive any particular name for a 

number of years. Finally, a German writer 

Who called it on geography called it America, after Amer'- 

America, and . ,^ . p , / / i t.. v i 

why? icus Vespucius \yes-p2i siie-2ts\, an Italian who 

made several voyages to South America soon 

after Columbus's first discovery, and who 

wrote a description of the countries he saw. 

19. But, whatever injustice there was in 

What undying naming the New World, no American can 

glory has Co- . / 1 /^ i 

lumbus? ever forget that it was discovered by Colum- 

bus, the boldest sailor that ever trod a deck, 
and one of the noblest men that ever lived. 




Christopher Columbus. 



CLAIMS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE. 1 5 



III. HOW ENGLAND AND FRANCE CAME TO 
CLAIM TART OF AMERICA. 



1. When the news of the discovery of the ,. )^''^^'^^ e^^^t 

•' did the discov- 

lancl of oold beyond the Atlantic spread over ery of America 

^ -^ . \ have ? 

Europe, many bold navigators made voyages . 
to the New World. 

2. There were many voyaofes made by Name some 

•^ "^ ^, -'of the nations 

Spanish, and French, and English explorers, that made voy- 
We shall first learn about the English and 
French explorations, because the English 
and French said their discoveries gave them 
a right to the soil of America. 

X. The reason why the EnHish said they ^ ^\'^y <J'^ ^'^^ 

^ ^ \ ^ ^ -^ English lay 

had a right to settle in America is because claim to Amer- 
North America was discovered by a navigator 
named Cab'ot, an Italian, settled in Bristol, 
who sailed under the flag of England. 

4. Cabot, as soon as he heard of Colum- ,^^'1^^^,^'^ ^^^ 

ask the King 

bus's great discovery, applied to the King of for? 
England for leave to make a voyage of dis- 
covery. This was granted by Henry VII., 
and Cabot sailed with his son, Sebastian. 



i6 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Relate the 
Cabots' voyage. 



Was this the 
first discovery 
of North Amer- 
ica ? 

The date ? 

Repeat what 
you can of Cab- 
ot's second voy- 
age. 



For whom 
did he claim the 
land ? 



Name the voy- 
ager that gave 
the French a 
claim. 



Relate what 
he did. 



5. The Cabots sailed on a line far north 
of the route of Columbus. They succeeded 
in reaching the New World, — it is sup- 
posed at Cape Breton, — and this was the 
first discovery of any part of North America. 
It was made in 1494 or 1497. 

6. In 1498, Sebastian Cabot made a sec- 
ond voyage. He reached the shore of Amer- 
ica far to the north, — up about Labrador. 
He then changed his course, and steered to 
the south, sailing down the American coast 
to what we now call Virginia. Cabot claimed 
all the land he discovered for the crown of 
England ; and hence, when the English said 
that they owned a large part of North Amer- 
ica, they declared it was theirs " by virtue of 
the right of first discovery by Cabot." 

7. Now we must learn what was the foun- 
dation of the French claim to a part of North 
America. In the year 1524, the King of 
France sent a navigator named Verrazzani 
l_vazr-a^s-2a/ine] to America for the purpose 
of making discoveries. He sailed along the 
coast from Florida to Newfoundland. He 
set up the standard of the French monarch, 
and called the country A^ew France. 



ENGLAND AND FRANCE CLAIM PART OF AMERICA. 



8. But thoiio-h Enorland and France said Did the French 

^ '^ r 1 -1 1 or Lnghsh plant 

that they owned a great part of the wilder- any colonies 
ness of North America, they did nothing in 
the way of planting colonies for a long time. 
It was more than one hundred years after 
this before lasting French or English colo- 
nies were founded in the New World. 

Q. True, both the French and the Eno^lish Did they make 

^ , any attempts ? 

made some attempts to found settlements m 

their possessions. James Cartier [^^^ar^-yea^ Teii about 

tried to plant a colony along the St. Lawrence 

River in New France ; but he failed. In the 

far southern part of our country two colonies ^ About the 

^ -^ Southern settle- 

of French Protestants were formed. But the ments and their 

fate 

band that went to South Carolina became 
discouraged, and returned ; while the settle- 
ment in Florida was attacked by Spaniards 
and the people were put to the sword. 

10. In the early Enorlish attempts at Amer- Name the 

, . leader of the 

ican settlement, Sir Walter Raleigh was the English at- 
leader. Raleigh was a very accomplished who was 
courtier, and a great favorite with Elizabeth, ^"^^'si- 
the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign he lived. 

11. Oueen Elizabeth orave Raleioh a o:rant ..^^'^-'^tg''?"' 

^ ^ . . clid he receive ? 

of a 2freat tract of land in America. First, state what he 

, ^ , . , , did first. 

he sent out two ships to explore the country. 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 




Tell the story ^^j^g expedition landed on Roanoke Island 

ot the expedi- •■■ 

tio"- (N. C). The voyagers were kindly treated 

by the natives, and re- 
turned with glowing 
accounts of the land 
What was the they had seen. Out 

country named, ■' 

and why? of compliment to the 

" Viro-in Oueen " the 
country was named 
Virginia. 

Tell the story j 2. Raleio;h WaS SO ^'^ ^^^''^'' ^^^^'^^'- 

of the first colo- ^ •^ 

"y- delighted with the reports of the land beyond 

the sea, that he now sent out a band of colo- 
nists, who began a settlement at Roanoke. 
But the Englishmen got into trouble with 
the Indians, and came near starving ; so, 
when a fleet under the bold captain, Sir 
Francis Drake, happened to arrive off the 
coast, they were glad to forsake the country. 
What became And it was wcll thcv did, for when Raleio^h 

of the other -^ ' ^ ^ 

band? sent out auothcr band of emigrants they were 

murdered by the Indians. 
What was the i ^ Thus wc scc that all these attempts to 

result of the . . . ^ 

English and fouud Frcnch or English colonies in Amer- 

French at- . , . . . _ .. - 

tempts? ica during the sixteenth century failed. 




1. The Spaniards of the time of 
Columbus were a strange compound of religious adven- 
ture, fanatical cruelty, wild superstition, and boundless 
greed. 

2. No sooner had Columbus planted a colony in the 
West Indies than crowds of adventurous spirits passed 
over from Spain to America. They took possession of 
all the West India Islands, and from there began to 
push off to the mainland. In this way the Spaniards 
discovered and took possession of the Isthmus of Pana- 
ma, of the rich gold-land of Peru, of Yucatan, of Florida, 
and of Mexico. 



Questions. — Repeat what is said of the old Spaniards. When did they 
come to America.? Name the countries they seized. 



20 PRIMARY HISTORYo 



What two op- 2. They everywhere set up the cross as 

posite things did ^ j j i 

they do 1 the symbol of the Christian faith; but at the 

same time they treated the poor natives with 
most unchristian cruelty ; for they enslaved 
them, and wore out their lives in merciless 
toil in the mines and on the plantations. 
ofTh^^panfsh 4* '^^^ history of the Spanish conquest of 
conquests? thosc couutrics that are named above — and 
which together form what used to be called 
Spanish America — is full of tales of chiv- 
alrous exploits and of heartless conduct. 
Of the many adventures of the Spaniards 
there are three that are important to be re- 
membered in connection with the history of 
our country. 

PONCE DE LEON. 

Give the first r Jhg f^j-gt adveuturc is the voyag^e of 

adventure, and ^ . . 

tell why it is m- Poucc \ poii tlieX dc Lcou to FloHda. This 

teresting. . _ . . • i i 

IS of mterest, because it led to the earliest 
discovery by the Spaniards of any part of 
what is now the United States, 
did 0*6 LeX"^ ^- ^^ Leon heard an Indian legend about 



iieve 



Jipvp T^ ^^' ^ fountain, the waters of which had the power 
to keep one forever young. (Stick things 
could really be believed in those days!) 



SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS. 2 1 



7. To find this fabled fountain, he sailed <^^'ve an ac- 
from the West Indies in the year 1 5 12. age" ^ '^''°^" 
After some time he reached a land of flowers, 

which he called Florida. This was the 
same place we now call Florida, — which, 
you know, is the southern peninsula of the 
United States. 

8. De Leon was, of course, disappointed ^^^^ ^'^^ ^^- 
in his search tor the fountam of immortal pcdition. 
youth. He left, but afterwards returned with 

a band of adventurers, and tried to take pos- 
session of the country ; but his people were 
driven off by the Indians, and he was mor- 
tally wounded. 

9. AlthouQ^h after De Leon a number of , ^^''^"^^'-'^^^^•^'^ 

first Spanish set- 

bpanish explorers went to the coast of Flor- tiement in the 

. 1 1 o ii y-- T 7 United States 

Ida and bouth Carolina, yet no settlement made ? 
was made there till St. Augustine, in Flor- 
ida, was founded in 1565, — the oldest town 
in the United States. 



de SOTO DISCOVERS THE MISSISSIPPI. 

10. We must now learn about the mar- who was the 
vellous adventures of Ferdinand de Soto, the Mississippi ? 
discoverer of the Mississippi River. 

11. De Soto was the Spanish governor who was he? 



2 2 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Where did he of One of the West India Islands. He col- 
lected there and in Spain a finely equipped 
force, and sailed to Florida. 

Where did 12. From thcrc the mailed and mounted 

landing in waroors, uudcr their fiery leader, plunQ-ed 

Florida? . ... - - ^ Ti 

mto the mterior oi the country, i hey trav- 
eled far north into what is now Georgia, 
but was then the land of the Cherokees. 
Descending southwestward, the followers of 
De Soto arrived near where Mobile now is. 
What did De De Soto had believed that he would 

Soto think he ^ 

would find? f^nd in the interior of the country rich treas- 
what did he urcs of gold and silver ; but, instead, he met 

really find ? t t • i 1 1 1 i 

only savage Indians, with whom he had to 
fight many battles, and his men had to hew 
their way through forests and swamps and 
endure sickness and suftering. 
What great ia Howevcr, he made one sfreat discov- 

discovery did he r ^ ^ 

make? ery ; he found, not any treasures of gold, or 

jewels, but he found the Father of Waters. 

Give an ac- ^\i^ manner of the discovery was this: he 

count of the ^ •> 

march north wcut nortliwcst froiii Mobilc, and, after a 
toilsome march of many weeks, finally came 
to a great stream, which the natives called 
Mesa-seba, — which is the same mighty river 
we still call the Mississippi. 



from Mobile. 



SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS. 



15. De Soto did not give up his search for treasures 
for many months, — in fact, not till most of his grand 
array of armor-clad Spaniards had dwindled away. 

16. Finally, the daring old discoverer became broken- 
hearted and died ; he 
was buried in the 
mighty river which 
he was the first Eu- 
ropean to behold. 
Those of his follow- 
ers who survived built 
rafts, and, floating 
down the Mississippi, 
reached a Spanish 
settlement in Mexico. 
Now, after learning 

these facts, you Wijl Route of De Soto. 

find it very interesting to follow De Soto's route as 
given on the map under your eye. 




CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 

1 7. The third and most important of the Spanish ex- 
ploits in America is the conquest of Mexico by Cortez. 

Questions. — How long did he look for gold? Tell of his death and burial. 
What became of his men ? What is the last Spanish expedition spoken of? 



24 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Tell about the i g. You must kiiow that, at the time Co- 

aboriginal race , , , . i a • i 

of Mexico. kimbus discovered America, there was m 

Mexico a large and powerful people. These 

Speakoftheir were the Aztccs. They belono-ed to a much 

civilization. ^ . . 

higher race than the American Indians, for 
they lived in cities containing great palaces 
and temples, and had a written language, and 
books, and tilled the soil, — so that they may 
be said to have been semi-civilized. 
When the ig. The Spaniards soon heard of this rich 

Spaniards heard r i a i • 

of Mexico, what couutry of the Aztecs, and its mines of gold 

expedition was i -i a t i ^•,' 

fitted out ? and Silver. Accordingly, an expedition was 

fitted out for its conquest. A Spaniard 

named Fernando Cortez, a very able and 

daring but cruel man, was made the leader. 

Relate the 20. In 1519 the expedition sailed from 

early history of __ ^^ t^,^ , 

the expedition. Cuba, and landed at Vera Cruz. Here the 
Spanish commander burnt his ships to show 
his men that they must conquer or die. 
Where did 2 1. Soou after, Cortcz marched upon the 

Cortez march ? • 1 /- -i a , i 

capital of the Aztec emperor, whose name 
What was the was Montczuma. After three years of war- 

result of the _,-,., 1 1 • r 

struggle.? fare, the Spanish army captured the city ol 

Mexico. 
How long did 22. The Spaniards took possession of the 
rule Mexico ? wholc couutry, and it was ruled by Spanish 



SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS. 2^ 

governors for three hundred years after this. 

They enslaved the natives to feed their 2:reed ^^'^'^^ ^'■^^^- 

-,,, . ^ ment of the na 

for gold, i he exhaustless mines of Mexico ^'^^^s. 
and Peru became the prize of the Spanish 
conquest of America. But it was not by 
men of this kind that Providence was minded ^^ere these 
to found a great nation on the soil of the to found Tfree 
New World 




Indian Life and Barbarities. 




V. THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 



I. America was indeed a new world. 
Everywhere the European explorers, 
as they landed on the coast or threaded 
their perilous way into the wooded in- 
terior, beheld novel scenes and objects. 



THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 27 

2. For the first time, the Europeans saw what strange 

. , , plants were 

Indian corn, and tobacco, and potatoes, — found in Amer- 

three plants that are natives of America, and 

which were not introduced into Europe till 

after the discovery of the Western Continent. 

For the first time, also, they saw the buffalo, what animals? 

the llama, and the turkey. 

3. On the other hand, they observed with Name some 

. . European ani- 

surprise that many familiar European am- mais they did ;/^/ 
mals, such as the horse, cow, sheep, cat, dog, 
and hen, were not to be found in America. 

4. But the o-reatest novelty of all was the w^iatwasthe 

~ ^ J greatest novel- 

new race of men. The people whom the ^y? 
Europeans found on this continent differed 
in appearance, manners, and customs from 
all the inhabitants of the Old World. They 
\\ere a new type of mankind. 

5. Probably every scholar has seen an Have you ever 

. "^ . seen an Indian ? 

Indian. Now, the red man of to-day is 

much the same as his ancestors whom 

the early explorers of America met three 

hundred years ao^o. The Indian is tall, Describe the 

straight, and well proportioned. His skin is 

of a copper brown ; his hair long, black, and 

coarse. Columbus s^ave the red man the .^ l'^ "y,^^ ^'f 

'^ called Indian r 

name of " Indian," because he supposed the 



28 PRIMARY HISTORY. 

land he found was a part of India or East- 
ern Asia. 
Why were 5^ ^he Indians were not a civilized race. 

they not a civil- 
ized race ? This mcans that they had no written books, 

or well-organized society, or arts, or manufac- 

Their manner tiu'cs, or agoculture. They livcd mainly by 

hunting and fishing, and cultivating patches 

of Indian corn, beans, potatoes, and melons. 

Their arts. Their arts were of the rudest kind, that is, 

they could make bows and arrows, and stone 

tomahawks, and mortars for pounding corn, 

and birch-bark canoes, and they could dress 

skins ; but that was about all they could do. 

Tell about 7. Xhc Indians had no regular govern- 

their govern- . 1 i i 

ment and tribes, mcut. They wcrc suTiply gathered together 

into tribes, each under its own chief, though 

sometimes several tribes united and formed 

a band or confederacy. 

Describe their g. War was the great delight of the red 

^^^^ ' man. The Indians scalped their foes, and 

cherished the scalps as trophies and used 
them as decorations for their bridles. If 
captured by an enemy they never asked life; 
they would show no fear even at the sight 
of the fire that was to burn their bodies. 
They prided themselves on their stoicisiit. 



THE AMERICAN INDIANS. 29 

which means a contempt for danger and 
death. 

o. W^oman, amono- the Indians, was re- ^^y^.^* '^ said 

^ "^ ^ 01 ihcir women r 

garded as a drudge, whose business was to 
save man from the degradation of labor. 
The women dressed the food, tilled the little 
patches of ground, and took charge of the 
" wigwams," as the Indian habitations were 
called. 

10. The Indian had not the rudiments of. ^tatewhvthe 

Indians could 

civilization in his character. He had no sense i^ot be civilized. 

of the obligation of law ; he had no capacity 

for settled industry. To try to civilize him 

was but to destroy his native virtues and to 

give him no others in their stead. " The 

Great Spirit," he said himself, " gave the 

white man a plough and the red man a 

bow and arrow, and sent them into the world 

by different paths, each to get a living in 

his own way." 

11. You must not think, from all this, that Was the red 

' ^ ^ man all bad ? 

the Indian had no good qualities ; for under 
his tawny skin there beat a human heart, 
and in every human heart there is something 
divine. 

-T-i r, 1 '^11 1 Mention some 

12. 1 hey were often hospitable and gen- good qualities. 



30 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



erous, giving with the thoughtless Hberahty 

of children. When they were well treated, 

they generally showed friendship and fidelity. 

Did they be- TheY believed in God, whom they called the 

have in God ? ... 

Great Spirit ; idolatry was rare among them. 
They w^ere brave and high-spirited, and had 
a sort of noble eloquence. 

1 3. But from the day that white colonists 

set their foot on the -soil of North America, 

the natives of that soil w^ere doomed. The 

Show how the CTuns whicli they orot from the whites only 

arts of the whites ^ . . . - 

injured tiie In- made them reckless in their destruction of 

dians. . 

game, and rendered their petty wars more 
frequent and more bloody. The rum of the 
white man turned them into brutes. The 
cottons and calicoes which they learned to 
use in place of their own furs and deer-skins 
caused sickness and consumption. 
Tell about the ja It soou appeared that the two races 

bad feeling that ^ ^ ^ 

arose. could uot Hvc together. Then they began 

to hate each other. The whites showed 
themselves grasping and unfeeling in taking 
the lands of the Indians ; the red man be- 
came crafty, revengeful, and murderous. And 
Does it still this bad state of feelino^ lasts even down to 

last ? ^ 



the present day. 



THE AMERICAN INDIANS. oj 



15. The picture that stands at the head of i>cscribe the 
this chapter presents some scenes of old time t^lZ^^j:^ 
Indian hfe. It shows the buffalo hunt, in The buffalo 
which the red man delighted, and the canoe '''"'" 
which he paddled swiftly over the waters. 
Again, you will see the mother mourning her The dead 
dead child. Finally, the picture presents a ''''• 
terribly frequent experience in the life of our 
forefathers, — a white captive bound to the . The execu- 
stake and surrounded by the dancing sav- ''''''' 
ages who are about to put him to death. 



32 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



VI. A REVIEW LESSON. 



1. What have zve gone over in the pre- 
vious chapters ? 

We have gone over the early pe- 
riod of our country's history, down to 
the time just before the Enghsh began 
to plant those colonies which after- 
wards grew to be the United States. 

2. What space of time is inchided? 

From the discovery of Amer- 
ica by Columbus in 1492, down to the 
founding of the first English colony, 

in Virginia, in 1607. 

3. What may this period be called? 
The period of discovery and ex- 
ploration. 

4. What nations of Europe were en- 
gaged in making explorations attd settle- 
ments in North A7?ierzca during this 
period ? 

The Spaniards, the English, and 
the French. 

5. Can you mention so7ne of the most 
important of the Spanish explorations and 
settlements ? 

Very soon after the discovery of 
America, the Spaniards settled the 
"West India Islands. In 15 12, De 
Leon discovered the southern coast 



of what is now the United States, 
and called it Florida. In 15 13, Bal- 
boa, by crossing the isthmus of Pan- 
ama, discovered the Pacific Ocean. 
In 1 5 19-2 1, Cortez conquered Mex- 
ico. In 1541, De Soto, after march- 
ing over a great part of what is now 
the southern section of our country, 
discovered the Mississippi River. 

6. What name did the Spaniards apply 
to this country ? 

They called all North America, 
except Mexico, Florida. 

7. Name the first explorations made by 
the English in America. 

Those of Cabot, 1494 (or 1497) 
and 1498, — noted as being the first 
discovery of North America. 

8. Did the English t7y to make settle- 
ments in North Americ-a dtiring the six- 
teenth centttry ? 

Yes ; but all failed. 

9. Tell about the most importajit. 

Sir Walter Raleigh, between 1584 
and 1587, sent out three parties to 
settle on Roanoke Island, in the 
region called by the Enghsh Vir- 
ginia, All failed. 



A REVIEW LESSON. 



33 



10. ir/iat caused tJte French to claim 
tart of A'orth America ? 

The exploration of the coast, in 
ir24, by Verrazzani, wlio named it 
Now France; and of the St. Law- 
rence region, by Cartier, in 1534. 

1 1 . What were the first success/til Frejich 
and EnHish settlements ? 



The French in Acadia (Nova Sco- 
tia) in 1605, and at Quebec in 1608 ; 
and the Enghsh at Jamestown, in 
Virginia, in 1607. 

12. What did these discoveries by vari- 
ous nations lead to ? 

Rival claims to American terri- 
tory, as ilhistrated on this map. 




34 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



VII. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 



^ OLONIES of England,— 
such was our country in its 
infancy. Remember this fact, 
for it is very important. 

2. We are now to see how 
those colonies were planted 
which afterwards became the 
United States, — how the 
brave pioneers of American 
settlement, struggling hard 
with savage nature and more 
savage man, succeeded at last 
in gaining a firm foothold on 
the American coast; how they 
felled the forests and cultivated the soil and established 
society and laws ; how they were gradually trained to 
the love of liberty, and, finally, how they revolted from 
Great Britain and made themselves " free and indepen- 
dent," a hundred years ago. 

Questions. — What was our country in its infancy? Tell what part of our 
history we are going to learn now. This period lasts till the Revolution, — how 
long is that ? 




VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 35 



-x. The first Endish colony in America ^ Name the first 

"-^ _ *-* "^ . Englisli colony 

was Virginia, — founded at Jamestown in the in America, 
year 1607. 

4. The leaders in the colonization of Vir- i^a'dlrsr^'^^^''^ 
einia were a number of Enoflish noblemen 

and enterprising merchants, who formed a 
company called the " London Company." 

5. The Kinc^ of Endand, whose name .."J^'^^th""^ 

^ *=> _ o ' did the King 

was James the First, gave these men a great give them? 
slice of the immense territory which the 
English claimed in America. It took the 
name of South Virdnia, and it included all Give its name 

^ ' and what it in- 

that we now call Virginia and a good deal eluded, 
more. The Kin^: o-ave them a written acrree- ,. what writing 

^ *^ ^ did the King 

ment, called a charter. It bore the great give them .? 
seal of England, as you will see in the ini- 
tial picture on the page before this, and was 
their title-deed to their possessions. 

6. As soon as the London Company had , ^eii what the 

*■ -^ London Coni- 

received their charter they sent a band of p^ny now did. 
one hundred and five emigrants across the 
ocean to bedn a settlement. 

7. After crossino: the Atlantic, the voya- oiveanac- 

' ^^ ■' count of the voy- 

Gfers found themselves in Chesapeake Bay. age and landing 

. . . St Jamestown. 

Here they discovered a fine river, which they 
named the James. They sailed up it for 



36 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



some distance, and began a settlement at a place which 
they named Jamestown. This was in May, 1607. 

8. This settle- 




\ Ruins of' Jamestowv 



ment at Jamestown 
in Virginia was the 
first lasting English 
settlement in the 
United States. You 
will find the plan 
on the map here 
given. Jamestown 
was burnt during 
the old colonial days, 
and all that is left 
is the crumbling 
church tower, of 
which a little sketch, 



Jamestown and Vicinity. 

taken during the late war (1862), is given on the map, 



EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. 

9. When the Virginia pioneers landed, the whole 
country was covered with thick forests. The first thing 
the new-comers had to do was to fell trees and build 
themselves log-cabins. 

Questions. — For what is the Jamestown settlement remarkable ? What of 
Virginia at this time ? What was the tirst thing to do } 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 



Zl 



\o The settlers were not well fitted to How did the 
" rough it " in the woods. Most ^i them had aiing? ^^' 
not been used to work ; so when the provis- 
ions they had brought were used up they 
came near starving. Many, too, sickened 
and died on account of the climate. 

1 1. Besides this, the colony was very badly why was the 
govci^ned. The reason of this w^as because gov'i'ined'? ^ 
the councillors appointed by the London 
Company to rule over the colony turned out 

to be worthless men. 

12. There was one man amon^ them Name the ^«^ 

j I . , , ^^'se man, 

however, who w^as very wise and skilful, and 
who, by his good management, saved the 
colony from ruin. This man was named 
Captain John Smith. 

13. As you have probably read of John Canyoureiate 
Smith in story-books, there is no need to re- ma\^ ha?e'7ead 
peat his history. You recollect that he had IZ^^^ 
passed his early life in wild, romantic adven- 
tures among the Turks and in Africa. In 

fact, he had had just such an education as was 
needed to fit him for a leader in the rough 
work of the wilderness. 

14. Smith had been appointed one of the Teii how he 
councillors; but the others became jealous ''''' ^'''''^^ 



38 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What of the 
Indians ? 



How did 
Smith manage 
them ? 



of him and stripped him of his office. How- 
ever, when things went from bad to worse, 
and the settlers were on the brink of star- 
vation, they were glad enough to have him 
become their captain. 

15. All this part of Virginia was at that 
time full of Indians. They were suspicious 
of the whites and unfriendly to them. But 
Smith had a wonderful knowledge of how to 
deal with the red men. He made treaties 
with them, and, what by friendly treatment, 
and what by stratagem, contrived to get corn 
and game enough to feed the wretched set- 
tlers through their first winter in Virginia. 

16. Smith had many adventures with the 
Indians. In one of his expeditions he was 
captured and carried before the chief, whose 
name was Powhatan. You remember the 
story (if 3^ou don't, your teacher will tell you) 
of how he was condemned to die, and his 
head laid on the death-stone, when the chief's 
daughter, named Pocahontas, begged her 
father to spare his life, — which was done ! 

1 7. Captain Smith was the leading spirit 
in the colony for its first two years. Then 
he was wounded by an accidental discharge 



Tell of his ad- 
ventures. 



When and 
how did Vir- 
ginia lose 
Smith ? 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 39 

of gunpowder, and had to return to England. 
He never visited Virginia again. 

18. The first five years of Virmnia Hfe , ^^'J^^^^t'^e 

•' ^ '--* ^ first five years ? 

were years of severe trial, and several times 
it seemed as though the colony would have 
to be o:iven up. But new settlers arrived How did 

^ ^ , things grow bet- 

from England every spring, and the people ter? 
began to get crops of corn, and women were 
brought over to become the wives of the set- 
tlers, and families grew up ; so at last Vir- 
ginia was firmly planted. 

INDIAN MASSACRES. 

19. There were two terrible Indian mas- 
sacres in the early part of the history of Vir- 
ginia. The first was in 1622, — fifteen years Give the date 
after the landing at Jamestown. dian massacre. 

20. The crafty chief of the Indians ar- '^^^^^ ^^out it. 
ranged that just at twelve o'clock of the same 

day the savages should fall upon all the set- 
tlements of the whites. In this way three ^i^^vmany 

■^ _ were killed ? 

hundred and fifty men, women, and children 
fell under the murderous tomahawk ; and 
more would have perished if a friendly Indian 
had not taken the trouble to go through the 
woods and warn some of the settlements. 



40 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Tell how the 2 1. This massacre roused the Enorlish to 

whites revenged _ <=> 

themselves. vengeance. They went in bands and burned 

the wigwams of the Indians, and followed the 

savages through the forest, killing all they 

met, and driving the rest to the backwoods. 

Give an ac- 2 2. The Virmuians had peace for twelve 

count of the sec- ,^^ ^ 

ond massacre, years after this. Then the Indians as^ain 

and the end of ^ 

the Indian busi- swoopcd down ou the Scattered settlements. 
But this time the savages were so severely 
punished that they at last saw it was useless 
to try to make headway against the whites ; 
so they did not trouble them any more. 



ness, 



ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT OF VIRGINIA. 

What great 23. Ouc of the greatest blessino^s that 

blessing did Vir- . . . ^ ^ 

ginia get in camc to Virginia was when the people were 
allowed a share in making their own laws. 
How had the 24. At first, the asjcnts of the London 

people been 1 i 1 i i 

ruled? Company had ruled the people, and often 

treated them in a very tyrannical manner. 

Explain the g^^j- ^f(-gi- twclvc vcars ( 1 6 1 q) the company 

change now -^ . 

made. allowcd them to elect certain persons called 

burgesses. These were to meet and make 
laws for the inhabitants, just as our laws 
are made by a State legislature. 

25. The first Colonial Assembly met at 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 4 1 

lamestown in 1619. Thus representative The date of 

•^ ... the first Assem- 

government, that great privilege, was estab- biy. 
lished in Virginia. 

26. There was another important change when was an- 

, ^ , ^. . . , . . other change 

in the government 01 Virginia, made in 1624. made? 
The King of England took away from the Teii about it. 
London Company the control of matters in 
Virginia, and put it into the hands of a 
2fOvernor appointed by himself Then the .what did vir- 

o ... ginia now be- 

colony of Virginia became a royal province, come? 
And it so continued down to the Revolution. 

GROWTH OF VIRGINIA. 

27. If the scholar will count from 1624, . How long was 

' . . . . 't till Indepen- 

when Virginia became a royal province, cience? 
forward to 1776, he will find that it was just 
about one hundred and fifty years down to 
the Declaration of Independence. 

28. Durino: this long: period Viro^inia Q:rew what of die 

^ . ^ . colony all this 

in numbers and in prosperity, and became a while ? 
great and flourishing colony. 

29. Slavery was an important institution , when was 

. . , . . slavery mtro- 

in Virginia. It was introduced in 1620, duccd? 
when a Dutch ship brought a few negroes 
to Jamestown and the planters bought them 
as slaves. 



42 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What plant -iQ, About this time the Virorinians beo^an 

was now grown, *-^ ^ 

and what effect to Cultivate tobacco. There was soon a great 
demand for the weed in Europe. This 



caused the planters to buy large numbers 
of negroes, so that slavery increased very 
rapidly. 
Tell what was ^i^ In thosc days many of the people did 

thought about "^ . . -^ . ^ i r 

slavery. not think it was right to hold slaves, but 

there were so many negroes that the Virgin- 
ians did not see what was to be done with 
them. Slavery lasted for nearly two hun- 
when was it cJi-ed and fifty years, till it was abolished 

abolished ? , -^ -^ 

during the war of the Rebellion. 
Can you tell ^2. Virginia was called the " Old Domin- 

why Virginia '-' ^ 

was called the ion," bccausc, durins: the civil war in Enoj. 

" Old Domin- ' 1 x^ • 1 r- 1 • 

ion " ? land, between the Puritans and Cavaliers, two 

hundred years ago, when King Charles was 
beheaded and England was ruled by Crom- 
well, the Virginians continued faithful to the 
royal cause. 
whywasVir- ^^. Viroinia was said to be "the best 

giniaagood ^^ f ^ • ^i i Ji ^^ -ri. 

country? poor man s country in the world. ine 

woods were full of game and the waters of 
fish, and the soil yielded abundantly. 
What did the ^a. The peoplc cultivated corn and tobac- 

people raise ? ^ ^ i 1 1 • i 

CO and cotton, and exchanged what they raised 



Tell about the 
giiiians. 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 43 

for oroods from E no-land and the West In- 
dies. 

35. The Virginians were a very hospitable yjfj'j 
and noble-hearted people. They were much 
more free in their manners and opinions than As compared 

with the Furi- 

the Puritans of New England, of whom we tans. 
shall soon learn. On the other hand, they 
did not pay as mucli attention to education Education, 
as the New-Englanders. 

^6. The people had to suffer often from the '^'^Y^ "^f "/°" 

'-' r I say of British 

oppression of their British rulers. But this oppression? 

only trained them to a spirit of liberty. The 

result was that when the "alarm-bell of the WH^twasthe 

Revolution " sounded, Virginia was one of 

the very first of the colonies to step forward 

and declare for independence from the rule 

of Great Britain. 



DAUGHTER-COLONIES OF VIRGINIA. 

^7. Viroinia was the mother of most of what was the 

. ' . . II' r 1*1 lel'itionship be- 

the Southern colonies, — the hive from which tween Virginia 

, . , , and the other 

population went out to make new settle- southern coio- 
ments in the South. 

38. jMakyland was originally a part o^^omit oftV^ 
Viro;inia. It became a separate colony in founding of 

^ ^ ^ -^ Maryland. 

1632, when tlie country around Chesapeake 



result 



44 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Bay was granted by the English King to 
Lord Baltimore. 
By whom was ^g^ It was Settled principally by Roman 

it settled? "^^ i L J J 

Catholics. Maryland was the only colony 

in which, from the first, the people were 

For what was allowcd to think as they pleased in relio^ious 

it distinguished . • n 

in early times? matters. The rcsult was that it grew rapidly. 
Give an ac- 40. CAROLINA was fii'st Settled by cmi- 

count of the ear- .. ._ . . 

ly history of grants from Virginia. Alter a time the King 

North Carolina. r -r- 1 i ±^ 11 • c r^ 

of England gave the whole region oi Caro- 
lina, North and South, to a number of Eng- 
lish noblemen. The government then was 
not good, and the people were very . glad 
when these colonies w^ere taken from the 
" Proprietaires " and made royal provinces. 

By whom 41. The Carolinas were rapidly settled by 

ilnlJ settiedT°" English, Irish, and Scotch, and by French 
Protestants called Huguenots. 

42. South Carolina was the first place in 

Tell about the ^nicrica where rice was o^rown. It was in- 

mtroduction 01 ^ ^ ^ 

rice. troduced by a ship-captain, who brought some 

from Madagascar. The rice-planters needed 

large numbers of blacks ; hence slavery grew 

greatly. 

Tell about the ^^. j^e North-Caroliuians drew most of 

North-Caro- ^^ . . . 

linians. their wealth from their splendid forests of pme, 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. 



45 



which produced tar, turpentine, and resin. They were 
an industrious and moral people. Hence they prospered. 

44. Georgia was the last South- 
ern colony that was founded. It 
was the last founded of the Thir- 
teen Colonies. It was not settled 
till about forty years before the 
Declaration of Independence. 

45. The leader in founding 
Georgia was James Oglethorpe, 
a benevolent and noble-hearted 
man. His object was to estab- Ja-sogiethorpe. 

lish a colony Vvhere oppressed debtors in England might 
find a refuge, and a chance to begin life over again. 
A grant was obtained from King George II., and the 
colony was named Georgia after him. 




Questions — What can you say of the founding of Georgia? Who was the 
leader? What was his object ? Why was the colony called Georgia? 



46 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



VIIL NEW ENGLAND. 



ILGRIM FATHERS Is the 

affectionate name by which 
the people of New England 
cherish the memory of the 
brave pioneers who left their 
native land and sought, in the 
wilds of America, 

" Freedom to worship God." 

2. The Pilgrims belonged 
to a sect which had arisen 
in England, called Puritans. 
These people did not like 
the forms of the Episcopal 
Church of England. They wished for a much simpler 
and more earnest mode of worship. 

3. It was by a Puritan congregation that the first set- 
tlement in New Ens^land was made. This was the be- 
ginning of the colony of Massachusetts, founded at Plym- 
outh in 1620. 




Questions. — Who were the Pilgrim Fathers? To what sect did the Pilgrims 
belong.? Tell what they thought about religion. Who made the first settlement 
in New England ? Name the colony. 



NEW ENGLAND. 47 



4. This conoreoatlon had moved from inwhatcoun- 

^ o ^5 ^ try ii-id they 

England to Holland, where its members been living? 

lived several years ; but they did not like it, 

so thev determined to seek free homes in ^vhatdid 

-^ ^ they resolve on ? 

the unpeopled land beyond the Atlantic. 

5. First they sailed back to Eno-land, and , '^'^l^ ^^'^'1^, 

-^ -^ ^ _ ^ ' they first did. 

there took passage in a little craft called the 
Mayflower. There were one hundred and i^g^''*^'' """'" 
one persons, — men, women, and children. 

6. After a lono- and stormy passao-e, the i^escribe the 

«-* y i o voyage. 

frail bark ncared the rock-bound coast of 

New Eno^land. Before the Pilo^rims landed, , what did 

*-• ^ '-^ they do before 

they drew up laws which all agreed to obey, landing.? 
They had to govern themselves, for they did 
not come out with any charter from the King, 
like the Virginians. 

7. The coast was explored for some time, y^'^V^.^ f^^ 

' i ' when did the 

and finally it was resolved to land at Plym- Piignms land .^ 

outh. The landing was made December 21, 

1620. 

8. It was the depth of a New England 

winter, and the o-round was covered with what season 

•^ ^ . was It .-* 

snow. You may believe that it required 
stout hearts — and not only stout hearts, 
but a lofty faith — to enable them to keep 
up amid their terrible sufferings and priva- 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Tell of their tioRS. DuHne the winter one half of their 



sufferings. 



& 



number sickened and died. 



How about Q. It was verv fortunate that the Indians 

the Indians ? ,. , i i i i t i 

did not trouble them that season. In the 
spring the red men came in from the back 
country ; but they behaved in a very friendly 
way. 
Give the story jq. There was Only one chief, named Ca- 

of Canonicus. . r • n 

nonicus, who was disposed to be unfriendly. 
He sent to the settlers a rattlesnake-skin 
wrapped around a bundle of arrows. Gov- 
ernor Bradford returned the skin, filled with 
powder and ball, and Canonicus took the hint. 
Did the set- ij. After the first two or three years of 

tiers get along 

better by and trial the scttlcrs got aloug better, i hey 

cleared the woods and raised crops of corn, 

and they found abundance of fish and game. 

What ^vas the j 3. j\^q settlement now received the name 

colony called ? 

of Plymouth Colony. It was small in num- 
whywasits j^^j-g . (^^^^ j|-g gucccss was vcry important, 

success impor- ' ■' ••• 

since it led to the founding of a much larger 
settlement. This was 



tant ? 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 

\vho were the j o. The wav Massachusctts Bay Colony 

leaders m the ^ -^ . r i rn 

Bay colony? was Started was vcry different from the Plym- 



NEW ENGLAND. 

49 



outh Colony. A number of wealthy Puri- 
tan gentlemen formed a company to make a 
settlement in New England. 

14. King Charles I. gave them a charter, What did the 
grantmg them a large tract of land, and se- ^^'"^^"^^^^"^• 
curing them the rights and privileges of Eng- 
lishmen. This was in 1629. ^ i>ateofthe 

T r Tl i charter ? 

15- 1 lie next year as many as fifteen hun- How many 
dred Puritans came over to America. They ,^,"[630^""' 
settled around Massachusetts Bay and where did 
founded Boston, Dorchester, Salem, Lynn ""'""'"' 
and other places. John Winthrop, a wise The governor, 
and good man, was their governor. 

1 6 After a number of years Plymouth was Wha. finally 
united with Massachusetts Bay Colony. Both ou?h Co^on!™- 
came under the same government, and the 
whole was called Massachusetts. 

17- We shall afterwards see something 
about Massachusetts history. But first we Now we are 
must learn how the people began to spread ^o^.h': ^fopie 
out from Massachusetts and form other colo- coio,;ies"""" 
rues in New England. 



CONNECTICUT. 



18. Connecticut was first settled by emi- when wa. 
grants from the Bay colony, in 1636. -■■--■ 



Connecticut 
settled ? 



50 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Who were i g. The fii'st band that went into the 

the first band? _ ., r ^ r- • -r* • 

fertile valley of the Connecticut River was 
headed by a Puritan pastor named Hooker, 
a o-Qod and true man. 
Tell how they 20. The cmis^rants made their way on 

journeyed. ^ .1111 

foot through the woods, guided by the com- 
pass, and living chiefly on the milk of the 
herds which they drove before them. 
Where did 2 1. They setded at Hartford and Weth- 

they settle ? 

ersfield and Springfield. At first they were 

under the protection of their mother-colony, 

What of their Massachusctts ! but they soon made a o-ov- 

government r ; -^ '-' 

ernment of their own. 
What other 22. Soou after, another party of pioneers 

settlement was ^ -^ 

made? made a separate settlement at New Haven. 

The name of 111 • i • i 

the settlements Subsequently both were united into one coi- 
what ? ^^^"^ ony, and the whole became Connecticut. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Tell what led 23. The rcasou of the Settlement of Rhode 

to the settle- t i 1 t • • r j^i 

ment of Rhode Island was the religious strictness oi the 

Island. T^ 

ruritans. 
Who was 24. There was a minister at Salem named 

Roger Wil- ^ . . 

liams, and what Rogcr WilHams, wlio began to preach doc- 
trines which the Puritans thought wrong; 
so they said he should be banished. 



NEW ENGLAND. 5 I 



25. Roger Williams went all alone through Teii of his 
the woods, and received friendly shelter for 

the winter in the wigwams of the Indians. In 
the spring of 1635 the Indian chiefs gave 
him some land at the head of Narragansett 
Bay. Here he founded Providence. did he^^umi'? 

26. Soon after, a party of Williams's whatotiicr 

^ •' settlement was 

friends moved to Rhode Island. The two "lade, and what 

. were the two 

settlements were afterwards united, and thus named? 
was founded the colony of Rhode Island. 

27. Maine and New Hampshire were thinly ^^^^^ ^f^ 
settled soon after the landinc: of the Pils^rims. ^^aine and New 

^ , '^ Hampshire ? 

During a good part of colonial times they 
were under the same government with Mas- 
sachusetts, and most of their people came 
from there. 



NEW ENGLAND LIFE AND GROWTH. 

28. The cause of the settlement cf Vir- Compare the 

settlement of 

2:inia was commercial adventure. The cause 7'"'^'"'/'^ ^"^ ?^ 

'-' New England. 

of the settlement of New England was the 
desire for religious freedom. 

20. The Puritans were people cf very what can 

. , , . vou say of the 

strict principles. They thought their whole Puritans ? 
life and government should be regulated by 
the Bible. 



52 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What did ^q. Tliis fact o:ave rise to many resfula- 

their belief lead . ^ i • i J ^ 

to? tions and customs which we should now 

consider ridiculous or repulsive. On the 

What was the other hand, the Puritans had wonderful hero- 
grand side of . 
Puritanism? ism and wcrc always governed by a sense of 

duty. 

Did they ^ j ^ But ^his scusc of duty sometimes took 

sonietnnes mis- ^ ^ ^ -^ 

understand a wrous^ dircction. Thus an offence asfainst 

their duty? i- • • -i • 

How was an rcligion was treated as a civil crime. 
re^^k>i.'t?eited? 3^' Scvcral bad results followed from this. 
Give an ex- For example, they persecuted the Quakers. 

ample of this in - . '^ . 

their treatment In 1 656, they passcd a law against these 

o i^ua^eib. people, and afterwards hanged several for no 

offence at all. Later (1692), a strange delu- 

Teii about the ^[q^ about witchcraft broke out, and a lars^e 

witchcraft delu- '^ 

sion. number of persons were executed because 

they were supposed to be possessed with 
devils. 

33. With the Indians, the people of New 

England had many savage contests. The 

Name the two two greatest of the early Indian fights were 

grea^t n lan ^^^^ ^^ Pequot War " and " King Philip's war." 

Give an ac- ^.^ 'pj^g PcQUOt War WaS Wag^ed in Con- 

count of the ^^ ^ ^ 

Pequot war. nccticut the vcry first year after the settle- 
ment (1637). The matter was finally de- 
cided in this way : a band of armed whites 



NEW ENGLAND. 



surprised the Indians inside of a palisade, 
and burned their wigwams ; nearly the whole 
tribe perished in the flames. 

^S- Kinir Philips war broke out about . .^^^^'"g ^i^'^- 

^^ ^ ^ ip s war. 

fifty years after the settlement of Massachu- 
setts (1675). It began in Massachusetts; 
but finally extended to nearly all the set- 
tlements in New England, and lasted over 
a year. 

^6. The principal fiofht, called the" Swamp Name the 

^ ,, ^ \ ^ ^ ^ main fight, and 

fight," took place in Rhode Island. The In- give the result, 
dians were completely defeated, and King 
Philip, the crafty and intrepid Indian leader, 
was soon afterwards killed. Six hundred 
whites perished during the war. 

37. New Eno-land suffered from Indian ^ ^^'i^^n did 

"" ^ . , New England 

attacks long after this. Especially was this suffer again 

1 , . , 1 • 1 1 T- T 1 f^c)m Indians? 

the case clunng three wars which the English 
colonists, assisted by British forces, carried 
on against the French in Canada. 

38. In these wars the Indian allies of the ^vhatwasthe 

'-' way the Indians 



French woukl swoop down on the scattered attacked 
New England settlements, and tomahawk 
men, women, and children, or carry tliem off 
into captivity 

39. Their manner of warfare was very 



54 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Give in your 
own language 
their mode of 
warfare. 



Relate the 
story of Mrs. 
Dustin. 



When were 
New England' 
darkest days ? 



stealthy. " Children, as they gamboled on 
the beach ; reapers, as they gathered the har- 
vest ; mowers, as they rested from using the 
scythe ; mothers, as they busied themselves 
about the household, — were victims to an 
enemy who disappeared the moment the blow 
was struck, and who were ever present when 
a garrison or a family ceased its vigilance." 

40. Once a brave woman took terrible ven- 
geance on the savages. Hannah Dustin, of 
Haverhill, Massachusetts, with her nurse and 
a boy, were carried off to an island in the 
Merrimack. The boy said one day to his 
Indian master, " Where would you strike to 
kill instantly .f^ " The Indian told him where 
and how to scalp. Next night Mrs. Dustin, 
the nurse, and the boy rose secretly while the 
savages were asleep. There were twelve of 
them in the wigwam. Arming themselves 
with the tomahawks of the Indians, they 
killed ten of the twelve (leaving only a squaw 
and a boy), and, after long wandering through 
the woods, reached their home in safety. 

41. The darkest days for New England 
were when one of the English kings, named 
James the Second, took away their charters. 



NEW ENGLAND. cc 



These charters, you must know, were of great why did the 
importance ; they had been given to the ICil-'cWers'? 
colonies by former kings, and insured the 
colonists many privileges, and especially the 
privilege of governing themselves and mak- 
ing their own laws. 

42. Now, in 1686, Kincr James, who did what of King 

. , ^ . , . , . [ames and the 

not Wish any tree government m /ns domm- uianthesent 
ion, determined to take away their charters. °"^" 
He sent over a mean tyrant, named Andros, 
to do this, and gave him power to rule over 
the people. Andros behaved in a very op- 
pressive way, and made the people exceed- 
ingly unhappy. 

43. There was one time, thouo^h, when what colony 

, rill ■■ T would not sur- 

ne was hnely checkmated. He had com- render its char- 
manded the people of Connecticut to surren- ^^' ' 
der their charter ; but they w^ould not obey. 
He then went to Hartford to seize the char- 
ter, but while he was in the room the licrhts 
were suddenly put out, and the precious doc- 
ument was spirited away by Captain Wads- 
worth and hid in a tree, known as the famous Teii about 
Charter Oak. o'k''''"'" 

44. Fortunately the rule of Andros lasted How was the 

1 , , /- , . , >'i''c of Andros 

only two or three years; for his royal maste: 



ended ? 



56 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



died, and a better monarch, King William, 
Were the lib- came to the throne. Then the Hberties of 

erties restored? . 

New nngland were, m a good measure, re- 
stored; and the Charter Oak yielded its 
faded but precious treasure. 
For what ^r The Ncw-En^landcrs were distin- 

were the people 7", , ^ , . . , , . i -r 

distmguished ? guishcd for then* mdustry, their thrift, and 
How did they i]^q[y grood morals. After a time they were 

change for the *-* . . . -^ 

better? mucli Icss strict about little things than they 

were at first. The exclusive, persecuting, 
and unkind spirit of the early Puritans 
passed away. 

What of edu- ^5, Thcv wcre orreat lovers of education. 
They took care to establish good schools. 

College in jj^ Massachusctts, Harvard College was 

Massachusetts. ^ 

In Connec- fouiidcd in the early days. In Connecticut, 
ticut. Yale College was established soon after. 

Thus the young people grew up with knowl- 
edge and intelligence, and education bred in 
them the love of liberty. 
What does . y^ Qui- countrv owcs a p^reat deal to New 

our country owe ~ ' -^ • r 1 1 

toNewEng- England. Her hardy sons m after days be- 
gan to spread out and people the Western 
wilderness, carrying with them steady habits, 
intelligence, enterprise, and the love of free 
government. 



cation 



NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 



IX. NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 





AILING along the American 
coast in a little craft called the 
" Half Moon," a sea-captain 
named Henry Hudson entered 
tlie Narrows, and dropped an- 
chor in the magnificent bay 
now called the Harbor of New 

York. This was in 1609, two years after the settlement 

of Jamestown. 

2. After a short stay, he sailed up the beautiful ri\'er 
Hudson, which he was the first to discover, and which 
is named after liim. 

3. Hudson was an Englishman; but at this time he 
was in the employ of the government of Holland, or, as 



Questions. — Tell of the voyage of Hudson. What river did he discover.? 
Who was Hudson, and by whom was he employed ? 



58 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What did the 
Dutch claim ? 



Name of the 
colony ? 

Where and 
when was the 
first settlement 
made ? 



What did they 
pay for Manhat- 
tan Island ? 



Name of the 
Dutch town ? 

Tell about 
the growth of 
the colony. 



What place 
up the river was 
founded ? 



it was called, the Dutch RepubHc. Hence the 
Dutch claimed a right to the whole country 
lying midway between New England and Vir- 
ginia. They named the region New Neth- 
erlands. 

4. Some years after this, in 1623, the 
Dutch " West India Company " sent out a 
number of agents and settlers to locate on 
the island of Manhattan, or New York Isl- 
and. They bought the whole island from 
the Indians for about twenty-five dollars, and 
here they erected a few rude hovels, which 
were the beginning of the great city of New 
York, the commercial metropolis of our coun- 
try. They called their town New Amster- 
dam. 

5. Many Hollanders now began to emi- 
grate to the Dutch colony. New Amster- 
dam became quite a trading-port. Far up 
the river they founded another trading-port 
called Fort Orange, and this was the begin- 
ning of Albany. Besides the Dutch there 
came many New-Englanders, and also 
French Huguenots and Waldenses from 
Italy. 

6. The Dutch ruled New Netherlands for 



NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 59 



about forty years. After this the Ens^hsh now long 

-^ -^ ^ was the Dutch 

took it. rule, and who 

7. During this period there were four ^"ii"J ^,^^,,y 

Dutch orovernors. The last of them was ^^"'^'^ govern- 

•-^ ors were there ? 



What of the 
last ? 



named Stuyvesant [sh'ves-aii^']. He did a 
great deal for the good of the colony; but 
at the same time he was a stubborn, cross- 
grained old Knickerbocker, and did not be- 
lieve in allowing the people any freedom. 

8. This was very bad policy; for when an , why was this 
English fleet came along to seize New Am- 
sterdam, the people did not care to make 
any resistance. 

o. Let us now see how the EnHish came ^ ^^.^y f"^^ ^^^ 

^ '^ English King 

to seize the Dutch colony. The Enolish g'y^ his brother 

r^i 1 T T '11 1 ^'^'^ region ? 

king, Charles II., said that the whole country 
belonged to England ; so he gave his brother, 
the Duke of York, the entire region possessed 
by the Dutch, and told him to take it. 

10. In 1664, the Duke of York sent out 
a fleet to secure his colony. When the ships 
appeared, the old Dutch governor, Stuyves- 
ant, w^as furious at the people for not resist- 
ing. He would not sign the articles of sur- 
render till the town was actually in the hands 
of the Enelish. 



Tell about the 
arrival of the 
fleet. 



6o PRIMARY HISTORY. 



whatwasthe n. Thus vou scc Ncw Netherlands be- 

colonv now -^ 

called? came an English colony. Its name was 

changed to New York. 



With whom 
did the New 



<D 



12. After this, and down to the Revolu- 
Yorkershave tion, the Ncw^-Yorkcrs had a s^reat manY 

disputes? . . ^ J 

disputes with the governors sent out by the 
Did New Ensflish kinsfs. But the misrule of the q-qv- 

York grow m «=> ^ ^ 

spite olr misrule? emors could not hinder New York from 
becoming a great, wealthy, and populous 
colony. The tyranny of the British only 
educated the people to a spirit of indepen- 
dence. 

NEW JERSEY. 

Whatwasthe 13. The soil of Ncw Jersey formed part 

soil of New Jer- "^ . . . 

sey? of the possessions which were given to the 

When did it Duke of York. It became a separate Enc^- 

become an Eng- i- , 1 1 , . -nt 

lish colony? lish coloiiy about the same time as New 
York. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Meaning of ^a The name Pennsylvania means the 

the name Penn- \ 

syivania? Woodland of Peuu. This noble man, Wil- 

Whowas \' T^ 1 r 1 • - 

Penn? liam Fcnn, was a member of the society ot 

Friends, or Quakers. 
How did it jr^ ^o\N the Kino; of EnHand had owed 

happen that he ^ ^ '-' ^ ^ 

got his land ? Pcnii's father, who was an admiral in the 



NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 6 1 

British navy, a large sum of money. The 
son agreed to take as payment a large tract 
of land lying between New Jersey and 
Maryland. Tliis received the name of Penn- 
sylvania. 

1 6. Penn's idea in doinir this was to pro- what was 

• 1 r ' \ ' r n 1 Penn's idea ? 

Vide free homes in America for all those of 
his Quaker brethren who wished to emicfrate 
to a land where they might have their own 
mode of religious worship. 

17. A large number immediately crossed ^^^,^^^.^3°^^'^^ 
the Atlantic, and, in 1682, Penn himself came when did 
to the colony with two thousand settlers. 

18. The peace-loving founder of Pennsyl- renn wLh? 
vania was very anxious that his people should 

be good friends with the Indians. He met ^^''^^ ^^^^^y- 
the native chiefs in a council, and made a 
treaty with them. The Indians loved and 
venerated the gentle-hearted Quaker, and the Indians' love 
highest praise they could give a white man 
was to say he resembled " Onas," — tlie name 
by which the Indians called Penn. The 
Friends never had any trouble with the red 
man. 

19. Soon after, Penn laid out the city of p,^^)^^^^^^j^ p 
Philadelphia, which means brotherly love. 



62 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



He then returned to England ; but he continued to 
take a great interest in his colony. His heirs were the 
" proprietors " of Pennsylvania down to the Revolution. 

20. Delaware was originally a part of the grants made 
to Penn. It subsequently split off from Pennsylvania; 
but the two provinces were under the same governor 
down to the end of colonial times. 

Questions. — What of Penn's heirs ? Tell about the founding of Delaware. 




Seal of Pennsylvania. 









X. THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 



I. While our country still be- 
longed to England, it liad to carry on 
a severe struggle with the Frcncli in 
America. We must remember that 
about the same time tlie English 
were making settlements in Virginia 
and New England, the French were 
settling the Northern country, 
— that is, along the gulf and 
ri\'er of St. Lawrence. They 
founded Quebec (1608) and 
Montreal. Gradually they 



64 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Teiiaboutthe stretchcd westward alono: the m'eat lakes 

French settle- . . . , . r 

mentsontheSt. with their trading-posts and mission-stations. 

Lawrence and t- i n r . . r / //n • 

west. rather Marquette \_7nar-ket \, m company 

with a fur-trader named JoHet, discovered 
the Mississippi, near its source, ten. years 
before La Salle SjaP^ sailed down that great 
river to the G'ulf of Mexico, in 1682. New 
Orleans was founded soon after. 

2. Finally the French claimed all the 
country watered by the Mississippi and its 



What did 
they at last 
claim ? 



What did tributaries. Then they beofan to connect 

they now begin . ^ 

to do ? the New Orleans region (called Louisiana) 

with Canada by a chain of forts. In this 

Their object ? way they tried to confine the English to the 
narrow strip of settlement along the Atlantic 
coast. 

Of the early n Jn thc early times, there were several 

wars with the ^ •' 

French. wars bctwecn the English and French set- 

tlers. The English would invade Canada 
and Acadia, and the French, aided by their 
Indian allies, would sweep down on New 
England and New York. 
What brought a Thcsc coutcsts arosc out of quarrels 

on these con- ^ •■■ 

tests.? in Europe between the kings of France and 

England, and did not really have much to 
do with America. 



THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 65 



5. But about twenty years before the when did the 

A • T^ 1 • 1 grand trial 

American Revolution there came a grand come? 
trial of strength. It is called the " French 



What did the 
French pre- 



and Indian War." It beo-an in 17SS, lasted P^te and du- 

*^ / ^^' ration of the 

eight years, and ended in i 763. French war. 

6. This contest is of grreat importance ^^}'y t'^is war 

•-* ^ was important. 

because it decided that our country should be- 
long to the English, and not to the French. 

7. The war be^an by some Virgrinians How did the 

' o y o war begin ? 

establishing themselves on the Ohio River, 
where they had bought a large tract of land, 
and meant to trade with the Indians. 

8. The French pretended that this part 
of the country belonged to them. Virginia tend ? 
said it was //er soil. 

Q. Suddenly French soldiers marched Teii the hos- 

■^ tile movement 

down from Canada to where the English of the French, 
had settled on the Ohio, and carried off some 
of the traders prisoners. This was in 1753. 

10. When this was done, the Governor ^^."^^'^at did 

Dinwiddie re- 

of Virginia determined to send a messenger solve on.? 
to the French commander, asking him what 
he meant, and tellino^ him to march his sol- 
diers away. 

11. The messensfcr chosen by Governor who was the 

«-> ... messenger ? 

Dinwiddie was a young Virginian named 



66 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Sjjeak of the 
character of 
Washington. 



George Washington, — the same great man 
who was afterwards the leader of our fore- 
fathers in their struggle for independence. 

1 2. Washington was then only twenty-one 
years old ; but he was even then remarkable 
for his wisdom, dignity, and courage. He 
had educated himself as a land-surveyor, and 
had learned skill and patience and self-reli- 
ance. He had also been an officer in the 
Virginia militia. Hence he was just the 
man to go on this difficult and dangerous 
mission. 

13. Accompanied by two or three attend- 
ants, Washington made his way through the 
unbroken wilderness, till at last he reached 
the French head-quarters and delivered to 
the commander a letter from the Governor 
of Virginia. The French officer refused to 
leave the country, and with this answer 
Washington set out to return. 

14. The horses which the party had 
brought with them had given out, so there 
was nothing for it but to return on foot. 
The day after Christmas, Washington, wrap- 
ping himself up in an Indian dress, with gun 
in hand and pack on his back, took through 



Tell about 
his journey. 



What did the 
French oflicer 
say ? 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
return. 



THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 67 

the woods by the nearest way to the forks of 
the Ohio. He had but one companion. 

iv It was a perilous journey. In passlnor Teii some of 

^ ^ . ^ . . i^ ^'^^ penis ot the 

through tlie forest, an Indian, lying in wait journey. 
for him, shot at him, but missed his aim. 
When they got to the Alleghany River they 
spent a whole day making a raft, which they 
launched. Before they were half over the 
stream, they were caught in the running ice, 
and could not reach either shore. Putting 
out a pole to stop the raft, Washington was 
jerked into the deep water and saved himself 
only by grasping at the raft-logs. Finally 
they managed to reach an island, where they 
stayed all night, and in the morning the river 
had frozen over ; so they got across. 

16. When Governor Dinwiddie received ^.^^'^^,5^'^ 

Dinwiddie now 

the message brought back by Washington, ^lo? 
he raised four hundred troops, and sent them 
under Washington against the French on the 
Ohio. 

17. The French had built a fort named Where were 

' the French for- 

Fort Du Ouesne \_ka7ie\ at the very spot tified? 
where the city of Pittsburg now is. The 
little army of Washington made a long, ti^J^ILSi^'and 
wearisome march towards this place. Be- thchght. 



68 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What after- 
wards took 
place ? 



fore they got to it, however, they were met 
by a party of French at a place called Great 
Meadows. Washington whipped this party. 

1 8. Afterwards the main body of the 
French came down on the little force. 
Washington made a very gallant fight, but 
was forced to surrender. However, he was 
allowed to retire his force with the " honors 
of war." 

19. The English government now saw 
that it was necessary to come in and help 
the colonists conquer the French. Accord- 
ingly the next year ( 1 765), General Braddock, 
with a force of British regulars, was sent out 
to America. 

20. The first thing Braddock did was to 
march on Fort Du Quesne. Braddock did 
not know anything about the stratagems of 
the Indians, who made up a large part of the 
French force. He was, also, too obstinate 
to mind the advice of Washington, who was 
with him as an aide-de-camp. 

21. The result was that the British force 
was suddenly ambushed by the Indians and 
French, who fired, unseen, from behind trees 
and rocks. The British regulars, not being 



The British 
now saw what ? 



Name the 
English gen- 
eral. 



What was his 
first act ? 

What of 
Braddock's 
ignorance ? 



And obsti- 
nacy ? 



What hap- 
pened in conse- 



quence 



The regulars. 



THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 69 

used to this kind of warfare, were routed. 
Braddock was killed. It was only by Wash- K'addock ? 
ino^ton's coolness that the troops were able ^yashington's 

•^ ^ / coolness. 

to retreat and reach Philadelphia. 

22. The British now saw that it would 
require very hard fighting to beat the French, 
so they sent over a large army. There was 

a o-reat deal of fiorhtino- for the next two or Teii what took 

•^ 00 ])lace the next 

three years. Sometimes one side was sue- ^'''^ ''^' ^'^'^^ 

•^ . years. 

cessful, and sometimes the other. 

23. But the war was not well carried on ^^'^cn was the 

^^ war well carried 

till the great English statesman, William o"? 

Pitt, took charge of it. This was in 1759. 

I'hc most decisive event of the war was the ^'^"^^ ^^\^ 

most decisive 

capture of Quebec, on the St. Lawrence event. 
River. 

24. The French looked upon Quebec as .y^'^f '^^''*'^' 

^ i '^ of Quebec ? 

one of the strongest places in the world. 
The citadel was built upon a high rock, so 
steep that no enemy could climb it. It was 
defended by a cfreat many larcre cannon, and \^^ defences 

J c> JO nnd command- 

by a powerful French garrison, commanded <^'- 

by General Montcalm. 

25. The force to take Quebec was put Beginnin.s; of 

^ _ '^ ^ the ex|)cdition. 

under a brave vouns: EnHish oreneral named 
Wolfe. It consisted of Americans and Reg- 



70 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



ulars, and sailed from Halifax to the St. 
Lawrence. 
Were Wolfe's 26. Wolfc began by trying various un- 
successful ? successful plans to take Quebec. 

27. At last he hit upon a plan so bold 
that the French never dreamed of it. He 



What bold 
plan did he 
think of ? 



Tell how it 
was done. 




Operations around Quebec. 

found that there was a place above Quebec 
where his troops might climb up the steep 
to the Plains of Abraham m rear of the city. 
28. Accordingly he had the ships sail up 
the St. Lawrence ; then at night the troops 
dropped silently down stream in boats, to the 
spot selected and known as Wolfe's Cove 



THE STRUGGLE WITH FRANCE. 7 1 

(see map). In the dark hours the soldiers 
scaled the precipice, unbeknown to the ene- 
my. The mornino- lio-ht revealed to Mont- ^loniing 

"^ . .^ . showed what ? 

calm the whole British force drawn up in 
battle array on the plain. (Picture, p. 63.) 

29. As quickly as possible, the French ,. ^'^'f f" ;^"'- 

^ n ^ 1 ],nc of the bat- 

commander went out to meet the English, tie. 
The battle began at ten o'clock, September 
13' I 759- It was fought with great bravery 
on both sides ; but the solid charges of the 
British grenadiers broke the ranks of the 
French, who finally gave way. 

30. General Wolfe was mortally wounded, ^y^j^/^^^ °^ 
While he lay on the ground he heard some 

one say, ^' They fly." " Who fly } " asked the 
dying hero. " The French," was the answer. 
"Then," said he, "I die in peace." Mont- of Montcalm. 
calm also was fatally wounded. 

31. The capture of Quebec showed the ^cQ^f^i";,'^"'^ 
French they coijld not stand against the Eng- showed what? 
lish. The war was closed by the Treaty of , ^^''^^n was 

■^ ^ ^ the war closed ? 

Paris, which was signed in 1763, and France Teii what 
surrendered to the English all her American 
possessions. The long struggle decided 
that English men and English laws should 
rule America. 



72 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



XI. A REVIEW LESSON. 



1. We have just finished tvhat period of 
our country^ s history ? 

The period of the colonies. 

2. What time does this period cover ? 

From the founding of the first col- 
ony at Jamestown, in 1607, and at 
Plymouth, in 1620, down to the 
breaking out of the Revolutionary- 
War and the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, 1775-76. 

3. What were the two mother-colonies ? 
Virginia and Massachusetts. 

4. Why do we call these mother-colo- 
nies ? 

Because most of the other colonies 
were daughters, or offshoots, from 
these. It was from Virginia that 
most of the South was colonized. It 
was from Massachusetts that people 
spread out all over New England. 

5. What other colonies were there be- 
sides the Southern and New England col- 
onies ? 

The middle colonies, including 
New York, Pennsylvania, and Dela- 
ware. 

6. What can you say of New York and 
New Jersey ? 



They originally belonged to the 
Dutch, and were called New Neth- 
erlands. 

7. When did that region fall into the 
hands of the English ? 

In 1664, when the Duke of York 
sent out a fleet and compelled the 
Dutch authorities to surrender. Then 
began the two colonies of New York 
and New Jersey. 

8. Hoxo did Pennsylvania come to be 
founded ? 

The territory of Pennsylvania was 
granted to William Penn, who in 
1682 founded a settlement of English 
Quakers. 

9. Under whose rule %vere all these colo- 
nies ? 

Under the rule of Great Britain, 
and governed by British governors. 

ID. What was the French and Indian 
War ? 

A struggle to determine whether 
the French or the English should 
govern America. It ended in favor 
of the English, and was closed by a 
treaty of peace signed at Paris in 
1763. 





THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 



I. WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED. 



1. It is now one hundred years since onr forefathers 
rose up against British opi^rcssion, and after a struggle of 
seven long years won the independence of our country. 

2. A century has gone by, and those who fought that 
good fight have passed away — 



74 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What makes 
the Revolution 
dear to us ? 



What was 
said about gov- 
ernment in the 
old country ? 



What did our 
forefathers find? 



What was the 
cause of the re- 
volt ? 



What other 
reason was 
there ? 



" Their bones are dust, 
Their good swords rust, 
Their souls are with the saints, we trust " ; 

but still our hearts must ever beat with pa- 
triotic emotion at the words " American 
Revolution," because it was through the 
sufferings and sacrifices of that struggle that 
our country became the United States. 

3. In the countries of Europe from which 
the settlers of America came, it was said that 
the people could not govern themselves, and 
that kings had a " divine right " to rule over 
them. But when our forefathers came to 
America they had to govern themselves. 
Well, very soon they found that they could 
make better laws than the King could make 
for them. Thus there was independence in 
the very air of America. 

4. This was the deep cause of the revolt 
of the colonies : Providence designed that 
on this continent should be seen an example 
of democratic government, which means gov- 
ernment " of the people, for the people, by 
the people." 

5. But besides this deep cause, there was 
another reason why the Americans revolted. 
They said they would not submit to cer- 



WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED. 7c 



tain unjust laws made by the English. The 

British government claimed that the stiau^o-Ie state what 

•.IT- 11 , , '^'^ theEnerlisliPov- 

with Trance had cost a great deal of money, emmcTt 
and that the colonists should pay this back. ' '"''"'"'" 

6. The British rulers, so as to get money 
out of the people of the colonies, passed a 

law that no writino^, such as a note or bond ^^'''^^ ^^''' 

111 111 . ■, , ^^■a-'^ passed ? 

or deed, should be considered good in the 
courts unless it was written on paper that 
was stamped. The stamped paper had to 
be bought at a good deal of cost, and this 
law was called the " Stamp Act" , Name of this 

i law ? 

7. In our own times, the notes and bills what is the 
and deeds we draw up have to be stamped noTobjea to 
also. ^ But we made this law 07 tr s c Iv e s,— '"^^ ""'"''' '^''' 
that is, the law was made for the public 

good, by members of Congress, or represen- 
tatives, whom we elected. 

8. The people of the colonies did not ob- what did the 
ject to pay taxes, but they claimed — do you objectio r"""^ 
not think very rightly ? — that they should 

not be taxed without their consent. As the 
British government would not allow the 
American colonists to have any voice in 
Parliament, the colonists said that taxation ^'^:^^:^'' 
was against all tlie principles of liberty. ^2^^> 



76 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 




9. The Stamp Act was passed in 1 765. The colonists 
thought it was a mean trick, intended to make them pay 
taxes whether they would or not. Hence they deter- 
mined that they would not use the stamps at all. Pub- 
lic meetings were held all over the country ; the King's 
officers who were to sell the stamps were hung in effigy, 
and public processions such as that pictured on this page 
were got up to show the indignation of the people. 



Questions. — When was the Stamp Act passed ? 
think of it ? How did the people behave ? 



What did the colonists 



WHY THE COLONIKS REVOLTED. 77 

10. The result was that when the British what was the 

effect ? 

government saw the terrible storm which the 
Stamp Act had raised in America, they had 
sense enough to do away with it. 

11. But the British crovernment did not Didthegov- 

. ^ . ernment give up 

give up the right to tax the Americans ; so, the right to tax? 
two years after this, a law was passed obli- 
ging the colonists to pay a duty on imported 
^lass, tea, paper, and certain other articles, what was the 
1 he Americans retaliated by not buying any 
of the taxed goods. 

12. Then the King of England said the what did the 

A • 1111 1 ^"^'"""g say and 

Americans were rebels, and he sent out large do? 
numbers of troops to overawe the people. 
These soldiers were stationed in New York, 
Boston, and other cities, and the people were 
forced to furnish them with quarters, fuel, etc. 

I ^. You may imaoine they hated the red- r)id they like 

^ . . . the red-coats ? 

coats, and it was not long before collisions 

began. In New York there was a riot, in Give an ac- 

. count of the 

which one man was killed by the soldiers New York riot. 

and several were wounded. The quarrel 

began by the soldiers cutting down a liberty 

pole which the patriots had set up. 

14. In Boston, also, there was a street en- Tcii about the 
- ... , j^ . Boston Mas- 

counter between the citizens and some lirit- 



What of the 
soldiers ? 



sacre. 



78 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



ish troops, and several patriots were killed 

or wounded. Both these riots took place in 

When were 1770; the New York one in lanuary, and the 

these riots ? ' ' ' ^ J -^ ' 

Boston Massacre in March. They caused 
tremendous excitement all over the country, 
^jhe tax taken j^^ Whcu the BHtish rulcrs saw that the 
Americans were in earnest, they grew 
alarmed, and took off the taxes, — all except 
On what was the tax on tea. They left the tax on tea 

the tax left ? . -^ 

Why? just to show that they had a right to tax the 

people. 
Give the pro- 16. Now what do you suppose the people 

gress of the tea- . . . 

controversy. did 1 Why, they did not import any tea. 
Then the great India Tea Company of Lon- 
don sent out ship-loads of tea on its own 
account, thinking the people would want the 
tea so much that they w^ould be glad to pay 
the small duty, — only threepence a pound. 

the^^e'^D^ieT ^^' ^^^ ^^'^^ patHots wcrc not to be gulled 

in this way. It was the pri7tciple of the tax 
they would not give in to. Hence they 
would not let the tea-ships land, but sent 
them back to England, or, if the cargoes were 
got ashore, they destroyed the tea. 
Tell the story J 8. At Bostou three ships full of tea ar- 

of the Boston . -r, • • 1 1 • • 

tea-party. Hvcd. 1 he British authorities were too 



WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED. 79 

strong for the people to force the ships to 
leave ; so after dark, one night, a party of 
men, disguised as Indians, went on board and 
pitched the tea overboard into the harbor. 

19. As soon as the British government land^etaifafeT 
heard of this, it determined to punish Boston 

by forbidding any kind of goods to be landed 

there. Like other unjust laws, this did more 

hurt than good. It showed the whole coun- i^Ji^shl^fj^^^'^up 

try how mean the British rulers were, and the port of Bos- 

J ^ ton? 

united the people against them. 

20. It was such experiences that made coSJ|]sts^povv^^^ 
the colonists first think of armed resistance, think of? 
But first they resolved to consult together. 

In September, 1774, delegates from the colo- 
nies met at Philadelphia. This was what is 
called the first Continental Congress. The cJ^^JI^^S'^' 
Congress made a declaration of rights, and Congress, 
sent a petition to the King and to Parliament. 

21. Even then, if England had been wise, ^vise or fodish ? 
the trouble might all have been settled. But 

it seemed as though Providence made the 

British rulers blind. It was resolved io force 

the colonies into submission. Then, at last, 

the patriots saw that there was nothing for pJ^otsM'iast^ 

it but to fight. ^^^- 



8o PRIMARY HISTORY. 



IL CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES OF THE REVO- 
LUTIONARY WAR. 



OPERATIONS AROUND BOSTON. 

Where did j^ fj^^ ^y^j- Qf j-|^g Revolution beQ:an in 

the war begin, <^ 

and when? Massachusctts. The first outbreak was in 
1775, just ten years after the passage of the 
Stamp Act. 
Who held 2, In the spring of that year Boston was 

occupied by two or three thousand British 
soldiers, who had been sent there to over- 
awe the patriots. General Gage, whom the 
King had made Governor of Massachusetts, 
was at their head. 

rat^il's^'Kv'iT 3* ^^ *^^^ mean time the people had not 
were the people been idle. Whcu they saw that the King: 
was bent on forcing them to obey his un- 
just laws, they began to make serious prep- 
arations for war. They provided them- 
selves with guns and powder and ball ; they 
formed military companies, to be ready at 
a minute's warning, and hence were called 
" minute men." A committee of safety, 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 



consistins: of the wisest and best men of 

the patriots, took the lead in all these prepa- who took the 

. -^ ^ lead ? 

rations. 

LEXINGTON. 

4. The first fioht of the war is called the ^ Teii how the 

^ ^ ^ ^ , first battle hap- 

battle of Lexington. It happened in this pened. 
way : General Gage sent some troops to de- 
stroy a lot of military stores which he found 
out were at Concord. The patriots heard of 
this, and the minute-men were called out. 

5. On the morning of the 19th of April, 

1775, the British troops reached Lexington ^f^j^7^^J,'h°on 
on their way to Concord. Here they met a Concord, 
small party of Americans and killed several 
of them. They then went on towards Con- 
cord and destroyed the military stores at that 
place. 

6. While the British were about this busi- ^7%^"^^\ 

count of thebat- 

ness the miilitia beofan to collect from the sur- tie, and retreat 

^ of the British. 

rounding country, and they attacked the ene- 
my at Concord Bridge. The red-coats were 
handled so badly that they retreated towards 
Boston. Then the Americans followed them Teii of the 

pursuit 

and shot at them from behind rocks and trees 
and barns. It was a long running fight, and 

6 



82 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



before the British troops could get back to 
j3j.f^j^[^^iQ^3 Lexington over two hundred of their num- 
ber had been killed or wounded. 



BUNKER HILL. 

What was 7. The news of the fio-ht at Lexins-ton set 

the effect of the , , , . , , o 

news of Lex- the wholc couutry HI a blaze, boon twenty 
thousand patriots surrounded Boston, where 
the British army was. 



ington ? 



Point out 
Boston on the 
map. 



Point out 
Charlestown. 



Wliat liver 
between. 

Where is 
Breed's Hill } 



Where is 
Bunker Hill ? 



Remember 
that the battle 
was really 
fought, not on 
Bunker Hill, 
but on Breed's 
Hill. 




Battle of Bunker Hill. 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 83 

8. The first important action was the Name the 

1 1 r T^ 1 TT-11 T T^» first important 

battle of bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Bun- action. 

ker Hill, or more properly Breed's Hill, is on 

a neck of land opposite Boston. A part of Teii how the 

, 1 A • '111 1 f'g^t happened. 

the American army occupied that place, and 
erected a fort of earth and logs. The Brit- 
ish officer sent over a force in boats from 
Boston to take this fort. The result was the 
battle of Bunker Hill, of which you will find 
a map on the opposite page. 

9. It was a very hard fi2:ht. The Brit- what can you 

"^ ^ say of the bat- 

ish won the day because they were stronger tie? 

in number, and the Americans lacked am- ^^hy was the 

. result as good 

munition. But the result was just as good as ^s a victory ? 
a victory for the patriots, because it thorough- 
ly aroused the whole country. The people 
now saw that they must conquer or die. 

WASHINGTON. 

10. A little while before the battle of ^^^^^^^ '"^por- 

. . tant meeting 

Bunker Hill, the Continental Congress, had taken place? 

which consisted of rcprescntatix'cs from all 

the colonies, had met aoain. The conoress ^Wnatofthe 

*^ ^, Congress? 

was really the government of the " United 
Colonies," as they were called. 

11. Concrress voted to raise an army of ^ ^^''^^ *^'f , 

«3 J Congress do ? 



84 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



twenty thousand men, and it chose George 

Washington as commander-in-chief of the 

American army. Washington went to Cam- 

when and brids^e, near Boston, and there took command 

where did ^ ' 

Washington of thc forccs, just two wccks after the battle 

take command ? tt-h ^t-i ^ 1 • 1 

of Bunker Hill. 1 he great elm under which 
he took command is still standing. 
What is said 12. The AmcHcan army was made up of 

of the American , , -^ /• 

army? bravc, patHotic men, who were determined 

to fight for their country. But they were 

very green in war, and the army was very 

poorly supplied with many things needed, 

What was especially powder. Hence, WashinQ-ton 

Washington's ^^ ^ \ ^ , 1 • 1 f • 

plan? thought it was best to begin by teaching 

them the art of war. Some people, wise in 
their own conceit, said he ought to have 
rushed right on the British in Boston; but 
he knew better. 

1 3. The wisdom of what Washington did 
was fully shown by the result. He hemmed 
in the British so closely in Boston during 
the winter, that they came near starving. 
Finally, the British commander, whose name 
was General Howe, was forced to ask Wash- 
Teii about inatou to let him evacuate Boston. To this 

Howe s leaving ^ ^ 

Boston. Washington consented. Then the British 



What did 
Washington do? 



CAMPAIGNS AND BxVTTLES. 85 



force sailed away to Halifax, and the Ameri- 
cans marched into Boston, — to the great joy 
of the people. 

ATTACK ON CHARLESTON. 

14. While the British were still occupying- Towhatpoint 

T" . . T fl'd Howe now 

Boston, Howe sent a force in ships to attack send troops? 
Charleston, in South Carolina. But Wash- 
ington found out his plan, and sent General 
Lee to meet him. 

15. When the British fleet arrived off ^Jj;|^^f^^h5^^;,^_ 
Charleston, it was found that the ships could ish ships from 

gettmg m ? 

not get into the harbor on account of a 
strong fort which the patriots had built of 
earth and palmetto-logs. Then a tremen- ^^J,;^^jJ°^^^^^^^^^ 
dous bombardment of the fort was begun. 
The balls were buried in the soft palmetto- 
wood, and did litde harm. On the other 
hand, the shot from the fort swept the decks 
of the British ships and played fearful havoc. 

16. A brave young sergeant named Jasper ^^J^^^p^j^JIJ^^ 
distinguished himself very much during this 

fight. One of the balls cut down the flag- 
staff from which the colors of the patriots 
floated proudly. Jasper leaped over the 
breastwork, amid a hailstorm of bullets. 



86 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Give the re- 
sult of the fight. 



seized the flag, and, fastening it to a ramrod, 
placed it once more on the fort. 

17. The British continued the fight the 
whole day. A large number of their men 
were wounded, and many of their ships were 
shattered ; but they could not take the fort. 
Hence they gave it up and sailed away. The 
fort was afterwards named Fort Moultrie, in 
honor of its brave defender. 



Where did 
Washington 
now resolve to 
go? 



Giv<i an ac- 
count of his 
going. 



What is 
meant by de- 
fences 1 



For which 
side was the 
first campaign 
success .'' 



WASHINGTON MOVES TO NEW YORK. 

18. Soon after the British evacuated Bos- 
ton, Washington, who did not know they 
were going to Halifax, but feared that they 
might attack New York City, determined to 
move his own army to that place. 

19. Washington left men enough to see 
that the British should not take Boston again, 
and then he sailed with most of his army 
to New York. He began to arrange the de- 
fences of that city, that is, to build forts near 
the city and on Long Island and up the 
Hudson. 

20. The opening campaign of the war — 
a which we may call the campaign in Mas- 
sachusetts — had been successful for the 



CAMPAIGNS AND 15ATTLES. 87 

Americans. Now see if you can remember 
its principal events: 

1. Battle of Lexington in April, 1775. ^ri^d^Jr ^''"' 

2. Battle of Bunker Hill in June, 1775. events. 

3. Washington takes command of the army 
in July and besieges the British all winter. 

4. Evacuation of Boston by the British, in 
March, 1776. 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

2 1. Very soon after Washinorton reached what great 

■J «^ event now took 

New York an event took place that was far p^-'^ce ? 
more important than any battle. This was 
the adoption of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

22. Why do we every year celebrate the , ^hydowe 

J -z ■' keep up the 4th 

4th of July? It is because on that day of July? 
this country became a nation : it threw off 
the shackles of colonial dependence, and said 
that henceforth it would govern itself, in 
place of being governed by the King of 
England. 

23. The Declaration of Independence was fo,.)h^l°,J'Decia- 
put forth by the Continental Congress, which, nation ? 

as you have already learned, was the real 
government of our country at that time. It 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Who wrote it? was Written by Thomas Jefferson, who was 
a member of Congress, and who was after- 
wards President of the United States. The 

When adopt- Declaration was adopted on the 4th of July, 
1776. 

Tell what 24. The Continental Cono^ress was at this 

took place when ' '^ ^ 

the Declaration ^jme assembled at Philadelphia. When it 

was announced. i t-\ 1 

was announced that the Declaration had 
really been adopted, the old bell-man, in the 
tower of Independence Hall, grasped the 
tongue of the great bell and hurled it forward 
and backward a hundred times, its voice pro- 
claiming " liberty throughout all the land, unto 
How did the all the inhabitants thereof." The patriots an- 

people answer? ji -n i n i 1 J 

swered with bonnres and cannon-peals, and 
every year their descendants have celebrated 
the great day in much the same manner. 

THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK. 

To what point 3^. You remember that Washino^ton 

had Washmg- ^ ^ ^ , 

ton moved his movcd his army to New York after the Brit- 

army ? . 

ish left Boston. The British now deter- 
mined to attack New York. In the month 
Where and of Au2fust, 1 776, they landed on Lonsf Island. 

when did the ^^ ^ 1 r -r. • • 1 

British land? There was a large army of British regulars 
Their force? ^^^-^f]^ Qf troops Called Hcssiaus, whom the 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 89 



Englisli King had hired to fight against 
America. 

26. The Americans had thrown up in- . wiierehad 

^ tlie Americans 

trenchments on Long Island, where Brook- intrenchments? 
lyn now stands. The British advanced and ^^J^^^^^^^^"^^^*^ 
attacked the Americans, who were beaten in 
the battle. Some say the Americans did not , )Vhy was the 

-^ defeat ? 

manage very well ; but at any rate the enemy 
was far stronger in numbers. 

27. Washino^ton, who had crossed from ,,,^^'^.^^ "^ , 

' Y U ashmgton ? 

New York during the battle, saw with grief 

that the field was lost The Americans i>;ot wheredidthe 

. T-» 1 1 Americans le- 

back to their fort on Brooklyn Heights, and tire? 

defended themselves there till the third night. 

Then Washington very wisely withdrew the ^'^'^ ^" ^^' 



count of the re- 
army in boats over to New York. There V"^''^ ('■'^"' ^°"s 

was a thick fog and the boats were rowed 
with muffled oars, so the British did not dis- 
cover the retreat till the Americans had 
escaped. 

28. In New York City Washincrton did . ^°"\^^ ^J^^'^" 

-^ o ington I) old 

not feel strong enough to risk a batde. He New York? 
therefore retreated up the island, and the. ^^''-^^ti^^n 

1 ' took ])Kace ? 

British succeeded in capturing Fort Wash- 
ington, which was so heavy a loss that 
Washington wept at it. There was noth- 



90 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What had he mQ- left for him but to retreat throuo-h New 

now to do ? ^ ^ ^ 1 1 • 1 1 T^ 1 

Jersey, and get behind the Delaware. 

RETREAT THROUGH JERSEY. 

What of the 2Q. The patriot army was ;iow terribly 

American army it \ 

now? thinned m numbers, and greatly discouraged. 

Many beheved the cause was lost. 
Did the Brit- nQ. The BHtish immediately followed in 

ish pursue ? i a • 

pursuit, so the Americans had to retreat 
Speak of the thi'ouGih Ncw Icrsey. They were rao-ored 

sufferings of the . , ^ , / it i 

patriots. and barefooted, and many a soldier, as he 

trudged along, left the bloody prints of his 
feet on the frozen ground. 
Tell about the ^j^ WashiuQ-ton couductcd the retreat 

retreat. . ^ .' . 

with w^onderful skill. The enemy w^ere not 
Behind what able to catch up with him. In this way he 

river did he re- ^ . . -^ 

tire ? got down to the Delaware River, which he 

crossed into Pennsylvania. As he took care 
to secure all the boats, the British could not 
cross when they got there. So Lord Corn- 
cross? wallis, the English general, resolved to wait 
till the Delaware should be frozen over. 



Why could 
not the British 



THE VICTORY AT TRENTON. 

32. Very soon after this, Washington 
gave the British a blow that made them 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 9 1 



think of somethinor else besides crossino; the '^vhat effect 

^ ^ had the blow 

Delaware. Washington 

^^. On the night of Christmas, 1 776, British? 
Washington with a picked force crossed that washh'gt^on 
river and suddenly fell upon a large body of ^'"'''^ ^^'"^ ''"'^'' • 
Hessians at Trenton. They had been carous- ,,^^ '?>' ^^'^'^ ^'^^ 

^ -^ Hessians sur- 

ino* durins: Christmas night, and were com- pn^^fd ? 



'& " O ^ ""."D' 



What did 
Washington 
sav about lliis ? 



pletely surprised when they found they were 
prisoners. This was what Washington called 
" clipping the wings " of the British. 

34. A few days after this, Washington ^he Ame'ricans 
defeated another body of the British at '^^^^ -i^o^her 

•^ victory ? 

Princeton. Now the tables were completely 

turned. The enemy had to fall back and , ^^^l^-^^^.Y^'^ 

-^ the British 

give up nearly the whole of New Jersey, forced to do? 

THE PENNSYLVANIA CAMPAIGN. 

^S. The object of the campaion of 1777 object of the 

^^ -' 10 . . operations of 

was the capture of Philadelphia by the British. 1777- 

36. The British general put his troops on Towhatjoiace 

board ships, and sailed to Chesapeake Bay. move ? 
^7. W^ashino-ton marched his army down where did 

. "^' ^ . - -^ Washington go? 

mto Pennsylvania, and the two forces met The two forces 
on the river Brandywine. Here the Ameri- state the re- 
cans were defeated (September 11), and the ^"^° ^'^ 
British took Philadelphia. 



92 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 




Vailey Forge 

38. In fact, all the operations in 
Pennsylvania turned out badly for 
the Americans. At the end of that 
year, 1777, they took up their win- 
ter quarters at Valley Forge. 

39. Those were dark days for the 
patriots at Valley Forge, — the darkest of the war. The 
soldiers were miserably fed, and not half clothed. Many 



Questions. — Did any of the operations in Pennsylvania turn out well ? 
Where did they go into winter quarters ? What is said of times at Valley Forge ? 
Tell of the sufferings of the soldiers. 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 93 

of them had no blankets or shoes, and the 
men left their bloody footprints in the snow, 
l^hey had to keep themselves as warm as 
tlicy could in their little huts or around 
the scanty camp-fires; but if the fire of pa- what was it 

: , ^ , ' . , . , ^ that helped 

triotism had not burned warm withm them, them to keep up 

1 I'll 111 1 -i i 11 -^ under suffering? 

do you thmk they could have stood it at all: 

40. The picture on the opposite page will 
Q-ive vou an idea of the kind of scenes amid 
which the patriot soldiers passed the dreary 
winter at Valley Forge. 

burgoyne's campaign. 

41. While Washington was engaged with where were 
the British in Pennsylvania, events of great hap^nh^g ^ 
importance were happening in the northern "^^-'^"^^'^^^^-^ 
part of New York. 

42. In the spring of 1777, General Bur- p^,;^ ho led the 
goyne, a famous English officer, set out from ^"''^"^ Canada? 
Canada with a splendid army. He ^^'a5 to go hc^^o'^oV'^^ 
to Albany by way of Lake Champlain. At 

Albany he was to be joined by another British ^^J^^ l^^-Z'cd' 

force, which was to march up from New York 

City. This was a Q-rand plan of the British ^ )^'']^^ ^''^^^''^ 

-^ . . . British plan ? 

to cut the rebellion in two, — separating New 
England from the rest of the country. 



94 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



43. The British army, after much trouble, 
What fort in oTQt to Fort Eclward, which was hio-h up 

New York did ^ _ ' <d 1 

the British the Hudsou Rivcr. The advance of the 

reach ? 

enemy had been skilfully resisted by the 
Who resisted bravc AmcHcan o^eneral Schuyler. Soon 

the advance ? . 

Who was afterwards the American army was put un- 
made com- ^ r^ ^ r^ 1 

mander? dcr General Gates. 

Tell about the 44. While Bur^oync was at Fort Edward, 

exj^edition of . a • 

the British to hc heard the Americans had a large amount 

ennmg on. ^^ storcs at Bcunington. He sent a force 

to seize them. While on the way this 

force was met by Major Stark, with a small 

body of militia. 

reJ^iI'f'''^'^''^ 45. The British got a terrible drubbing, 

and several hundred of them were taken. 

Tell the story It is told that in the ficrht Major Stark 

of Stark. . ^ . / 

anmiated his soldiers by exclaiming, " See 

there, men ! there are the red-coats ! before 

night they are ours, or Molly Stark 's a 

widow ! " 

the^AmTri^can 4^' ^hc maii\ body of the Americans was 

^™y- at this time near the town of Stillwater, 

on the Hudson. Burgoyne advanced and 

Where and showcd fiQ^ht. Two scvcrc batUcs took 

when were two *-* 

hard battles placc at BciTiis Hcights, — the first on the 
igth of September, the second on the 7th 



fought 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 95 

of October, 1777. The British lost very 
heavily. 

47. After these battles Burgoyne retreated B.j^^^o^.'rfe'Je^ 
to Saratoga. He would have been very glad ^''*^'^'- 

to escape to Canada. But the American pj^'^j^andsm-- 
army hemmed the British in. The result render, 
was that Burgoyne, with his army of six 
thousand men, surrendered to General Gates, 
October 17, 1777. This was the cfreatest why was this 

. ^ a great victory ? 

Victory the Americans had yet had. 

48. The news of the victory in the North ^.)Vhat effect 

^ / ^ did It have on 

cheered the hearts of Washinpton and his Washington's 

^ men ? 

suffering men at Valley Forge. When the de- 
spatch came with the tidings, he fell upon his 
knees, clasped his hands, and poured out his ^y[g/^|7ton 
thankscrivincr to the Almio-hty. This touch- did when he 

^ '^^ o y heard the good 

ing incident shows that not a shadow of jeal- news. 
ousy of the victorious General Gates crossed 
the mind of our country's leader. He thought 
not of himself, but only of the cause. 

THE FRENCH AID AMERICA. 

49. The next spring ( 1 778) a very cheering .^^ what cheer- 
thing happened for America. The King of pened in 1778? 
France agreed to help the Americans with 

ships and soldiers and money. This was ar- 



96 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Who ar- ranged by Benjamin Franklin, who had been 
range is . ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^.^ ^^ ^^^ French. 



ENGLAND ASKS FOR PEACE. 

^ What did the 50. When the British rulers heard of the 

surrender of Burgoyne and what the French 

were going to do, they grew very anxious 

for peace. They sent over persons called 

Tell what the commissioncrs, to say to the Americans that 

commissioners . n 1 • 

said. they would give up all clann to tax them, 

and allow them to send representatives to 
Parliament. 
Why did not CI. Cono^ress refused to listen to the pro- 

Congress heed , t 1 1 • 1 • 1 

the offer? posal. It was too latc ; nothmg but mde- 
pendence would now suit the people. 

THE SCENE SHIFTS. 

Did the C2, The Frcuch were as o^ood as their 

French keep ^ . t 1 r 1 i 

their promise ? word. They mi mediately fitted out a large 

fleet with several thousand troops, and sent 

them out to help the Americans in the sum- 

whatdidthe nier of 1778. The Eno-lish were now afraid 

English fear? . -L ,,.-,, .1 

that the French ships would come up the 

Delaware River, and shut them up in Phila- 

what did the delphia. Hence the British commander be- 

British com- ^ . a.t xr 1 

mander do ? gan to inarch his army to New York. 



here did the 
armies now set- 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 97 

53. Washington, with his troops, forsook who pursued 

I'll \ r ^^ T^ them ? 

his log-huts at \ aUcy rorge, and pursued. 

There was a fii>ht at Monmouth, in wliich where did a 

IT-,.., , r ' '"'^'^^ ^'^^^^ place, 

the british got the worst of it. But they and the result? 
succeeded in reaching New York. llie 
American army now encamped at White .^^ 
Plains, near New York City. tie down? 

54. Soon afterwards the French fleet ar- ^^"^''l^* o^^^\^ 

. ^^ . . . French fleet? 

rived ; but it did nothing that season, and at the 
end of the year it sailed for the W^est Indies. 



MASSACRE OF WYOMING. 

SS- Nothing^ else that you need to remem- ^^'i^at massa- 

. ere is now spo- 

ber happened during the year 1 778, except i<en of? 
what is called the Massacre of Wyoming 
\zui-o'miii(r\. This was a beautiful valley in what of the 
rennsylvania. It was a scene ot peace and ming? 
plenty, of bright meadows and green hills 
and sparkling streams. 

S6. A lar2:e partv of Tories were ano;ry Teii about 

^ ^ - . the massacre. 

because many of the men of Wyoming had 
gone to help Washington. They joined with 
them a number of Indians, and attacked the 
peaceful inhabitants. All but sixty out of 
four hundred men were massacred. The 
women and children were scalped, and the 
7 



98 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



houses and barns and crops were burned, 
leavinQ- the beautiful vale a scene of utter 
desolation. 
How did cy. Washino^ton punished the Indians se- 

Wishin(>ton re- ^' a 1 • r i 1 

vcnge this deed? vcrcly. A short time afterwards he sent a 
force that attacked and defeated the savages 
in Pennsylvania and Western New York, 
and burned forty of their villages. 

THE WAR IN THE SOUTH. 

Where was eg. From the year 1779 the war was car- 

the war carried . • i • i " o i 

on after 1779? Hcd ou aluiost entirely in the bouth. 

Tell two sue- rg^ At first the British were the most suc- 
cesses of the ^ ^ 1 1 • r r- 

British. cessful. Thcy took the city of Savannah, 

and overran the whole of Georgia. Charles- 

whatwere tou Surrendered next. May, 1780. Then they 

to do now ? overran the whole of South Carolina, which 

had very few troops to defend it. 

Tell about 5o. Yet the British did not have every- 

Marion and 

Sumpter. thing their own way. There arose a number 

of dashing leaders, like Marion and Sumpter 
and Lee, who, by their rapid and brilliant 
movements, annoyed the British terribly. 
With small bands of daring spirits, they would 
dash suddenly on detachments of the enemy, 
and cut them off. There are many stories 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. 99 

told of the adventures and exploits of these 
brave and self-denying men. 

6 1 . Durino- the summer of i 780, Conm-ess ^^'^^" "'^^ ^^ 

•^ / ' o army sent 

sent an army to South Carolina, under Gen- South? 
eral Gates. A o-reat battle took place at where was 

^ . the first great 

Camden, August 16. Here the Americans battle? 

were very badly defeated, losing about two suit. 

thousand men. Gates retreated rapidly into 

North Carolina. Soon afterwards, General 

Greene was given the command of the South- cates^intom-^^ 

ern army. '"^"^ • 

62. In 1 781 the Americans beoran to have whendidthe 

' o Americans be- 

some success at the South. g'" to have 



some success 



63. The first success was at Cowpens, where was 

, A • 1 1 1 TV T the first success? 

where an American detachment under Mor- 
gan defeated a British force led by the ter- 
rible l^arlcton. The next action was at 
Guilford Court House, North Carolina. The „,^;^^,^"::;;f '!;! 
losses in this fight were about equal. what of it? 

64. The greatest battle in the South was gi'J,';:.^? l^,^,}^^". 
at Eutaw Springs. The British lost eleven 
hundred men. In the mean time the enter- 
prising troopers, Marion, Sumpter, and Lee, 
captured various posts held by the enemy. 

65. The 15ritish now began to see that they ^rSLt'sce? 
could not cofiquer the South. They there- 



lOO PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Where did fore retired to their stronohold at Charleston, 

they go ? . ^ . 

and there they remained till the close of the 



war. 



TREASON OF ARNOLD. 

What are we 55^ \Ye are now to read a dark pa2:e in 

now to read of? r o 

the history of our country, — the treason of 
Benedict Arnold. 
Give an ac- 5^^ Amold was an American o^eneral, and 

count of Ar- ' _ . 

noid. had distinguished himself for his bravery in 

many of the early battles of the Revolution. 

But afterwards he fell into bad ways, and 

finally he resolved to betray his country. 

What plan 53, Amold kucwthat West Point, a stronsf 

did he form ? . 

fortress on the Hudson, was so important a 
point that the British would give almost any- 
thing for it. He therefore asked Washing- 
ton for the command of that post, and 
Washington, not suspecting his treasonable 
design, gave it to him. 
sa,^o?he Brk^ 69. Hc now signified to the British his 
'^^'- willingness to give up the fort, and Major 

toYrranTmar ^^'^^'^'^^ ^ yOUUg BHtish officcr, WaS SCUt Up 

ters? from New York by General Clinton to make 

What was a bargain with him. It was ao-reed that Ar- 

agreed ? "^ ... 

nold should put the British in»possession of 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLRS. lOI 



nold ? 



the fort, and that they should give him fifty 
thousand dollars and a general's command. 

70. Now we must learn how this danger- 
ous plot was spoiled. Andre set out to re- Teiihowthe 

■^ plot was clis- 

turn to New York City. On the way he covered. 
was stopped by three militia soldiers. Think- 
ing that they sided with the English, he told 
them he was a British officer. They then 
seized him and carried him off a prisoner. 

71. Andre was soon after huncr as a spy. ^^'i^'-^t i^ecame 

. ^ ^ -^ of Andre ? 

But the crreat traitor, Arnold, escaped to the what of Ar 
English at New York City, and was soon 
afterwards fighting against his countrymen. 



SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 

72. We now come to the last battle of the , ^y'^^^f ^f , 

' .... ^'""^ last battle of 

war. It was fought at Yorktown, in Virginia, ^^^e war fought? 

y^. In the summer of 1781, Lord Corn- 
wallis was stationed at Yorktown with eio-ht , ^^''^^''^ ^^.^""^ 

'-^ the two main 

thousand troops. Washinorton was near New armies in the 

. ^ . . . summer of 1781? 

York City, prcpanng to attack that place, 
still held by General Clinton. But he sud- 
denly chano^ed his plan and marched quickly /^vhat change 

. ^ ^ . ^ -'of plan did 

aorainst Cornwallis at Yorktown, reachino: Washington 

, niakc ? 

there at tlie end of September. He was 

. . , , , , . ,^ , r.v whom was 

jomed by a large number of rrench troops, he joined? 



I02 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



in a 



fleet 



which had just arrived in the Chesapeake, 
commanded by Count De Grasse. 

74. The alHed French 




and American armies 
now laid siege to York- 
town. You will see on 
the map the British 
works, and the parallels 
of the Americans ; you 
will see where the head- 
quarters of Washington 
were and the head-quar- 
ters of Rochambeau, the 
chief commander of the 
French troops ; you will 
observe, also, the French 
men-of-war in the York River, preventing the British 
from getting away by water. Cornwallis saw finally that 
his situation was hopeless, so he surrendered on the 1 9th 
of October, 1781. 



SIEGE OF 
YORKTOWN 



CLOSE OF THE WAR. 



75. This splendid victory really closed the war. The 
British government saw that the Americans could not 

Questions. —Tell about the siege. Date of Cornwallis's surrender. What 
was the effect of this victory ? 



CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES. IO3 

be conquered. Then they began to speak 
about stopping the fighting. 

76. More tlian a year was spent in arranc^- , ^^'^'f ''^'-^ 
ing a treaty of peace, between commissioners )c^'"? 

of the two countries. Finally, the treaty was 

sio-ned at Paris, September ^, 1783, and ^vllen w.^sthe 

^ . , J' / ^' ^ treaty signed ? 

Great Britain acknowledged the United 
States as an independent nation. 

77. Before the end of the year the last, ^f^teuhnt 
red-coat had left our shores ; the patriot sol- ^"^e the ciui c^i 

^ , the year. 

diers of the Revolution returned to their 
homes, and Washington retired to his farm 
at Mount Vernon, Virginia. 

THE CONSTITUTION. 

78. The war of the Revolution left our what was ti.e 

' _ ^ st;Uc ()( the 

country terribly exhausted. The people had country at ihe 

, r r\\ '-ni i i i i close of the war? 

suifered fearfully. Ihousands had been Teiiofthe 
killed, and the land was filled with widows '"^s of life. 
and orphans. Towns had been burned and ofthede- 

^ ^ striiction ot 

fields lay uncultivated. All the arts of peace property. 
had had to stop during the war. Our coun- 
try was deeply in debt, and there seemed to The debt. 
be no way of paying it. 

7Q. But the worst thino: of all was that our ^VHat w.asthc 

' ^ ^ ^ worst evil ol all ? 

country had no regular government. Con- 



04 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What body 
had managed 
during the war ? 



Was the con- 
federation a real 
union ? 

What did 
Washington 
say about it ? 

What step 
did the wise 
men take ? 



Where did the 
convention 
meet ? 

What was 
their plan of 
government 
called ? 

Tell about its 
adoption. 



When did it 
go into effect ? 

What of the 
President ? 



gress had managed matters during the war, 
and the States had bound themselves by an 
agreement called "Articles of Confederation." 
But it was not a real u7iion of the States. 
" We are," said Washington, " one nation to- 
day, and thirteen to-morrow, — who will treat 
with us on these terms } " 

80. The wise and good men of the coun- 
try, seeing these evils, called a convention of 
delegates from each of the States to make 
" a more perfect unipn." The delegates as- 
sembled at Philadelphia in 1787. They 
debated long over the matter, and finally 
agreed upon a plan of government. This 
plan was named " The Constitution." 

81. The Constitution had to be adopted 
by two thirds of the States before it could be- 
come the law of the land. During the next 
year eleven out of the thirteen States ratified 
it. The 4th of March, 1789, was appointed 
as the day when it was to go into effect. 

82. The Constitution provided that a chief 
magistrate called president should be elected 
by the people. All hearts turned towards 
Washington, who was accordingly chosen 
first President of the United States. 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 



lo.s 



III. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 

I . The srreatest char- ^^^"^ ^'f ^^^^ 

♦-^ greatest charnc- 

acter of the war of Inde- ^er of the war ? 



George Washington. 



pendence was Washing- 
ton. This means that 
he was great in every 
way, not only as a sol- 
dier, but as a statesman 
and a man. 

2. Washington was 
Virmnia, 



What does 
tliis mean ? 



His birth- 
place. 



born m Vn-gmia, not 
far from the city now bearing his name. 
You have already learned something of his eJiy'exped-'^ 
early history, and how he took part in the ence? 
disastrous campaign of Braddock. Even 
then, as a young man, he was marked for his 
self-reliance, courage, and love of the right. 
When the Revolution broke out, and Con- (3;^';^;j;.^4'^''' 
uress was looking: for a man to lead its ar- choose him as 

"-^ "^ . commaiulcr ? 

mies, it was upon Washington that the choice 
fell. He was then forty-two years old. he? 



io6 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What is said 
of Washington 
compared with 
other officers ? 



Examples of 
defeats. 



Of retreats. 

Had the ene- 
my to pay clear- 
ly? 

Example of 
his turning on 
them. 



What is said 
of his march on 
Yorktown ? 



Give some ex- 
amples of trying 
scenes where 
Washington 
kept his firm- 
ness and faith. 



Why was he 
perfectly un- 
selfish > 

Give exam- 
ples of this. 



3. There were, perhaps, in the American 
army, officers who were more dashing than 
Washino'ton ; but there was none that so 
united a// the quahties which make a great 
captain. He was sometimes defeated, as at 
Long Island and on the Brandywine. He 
had often to retreat before the enemy, as in 
New Jersey and in Pennsylvania. But he 
made the enemy pay dearly for any success. 

4. Sometimes he would turn upon them 
(as at Trenton, after his retreat behind the 
Delaware), and deliver a stunning blow when 
the enemy least expected it. His march on 
Yorktown, after outwitting Clinton at New 
York, was a great stroke of generalship. 

5. That which more than any one thing 
in the character of Washington made the 
success of the Revolution was his firmness 
in the worst times and places. Amid the 
ice of the Delaware and in the terrible, try- 
ing scenes of Valley Forge, he never for a 
moment lost faith in the cause. 

6. Washington was perfectly unselfish be- 
cause he was perfectly /:7/r/d?/zV. He refused 
to take any pay. He refused to listen when 
his troops proposed to make him king. 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 



107 



7. The person at whose house he was Teii the story 

' ^ . illustrating 

quartered at Valley Forge said that one day, Washington's 

, ., ,, . . , 111 1 • religious char- 

while walknig m the woods, he heard a voice acter. 
as in supplication. He drew near, and found 
Washington in prayer ! Such was the char- 
acter of the man who was called " First in 
war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of 
his countrymen." 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

8. Seventy years be- 
fore the Declaration of 
Independence, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, the 
grreatest statesma7i of 



Benjamin Franklin. 



Who was the 
•-^ , greatest states- 

the Revolution, was w^'ofthe Rev- 

olution ? 

born. H ls lather was 
a soap and candle 
maker in Boston. Af- 
ter going to school 
for a little while, Benjamin was made to help 
his father ; but he did not like the business, 
and chose to learn printing: with an elder ^vhatofhis 
brother. 

9. When about nineteen years 
went to Philadelphia, reachin 



,outh ? 



old he ^'■'^ arrival in 
' Philadelphia. 

it on foot. 



I08 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



with his pockets stuffed with shirts and stock- 
ings, and a loaf of bread under his arm. A 
young; lady who saw him in this plight walk- 
ino^ alonor the street lauo:hed at him. The 
same young lady was afterward his wife. 
Hovydidhe , q. Bv hard work as a printer, and by 

get to 1)6 a -^ ^ . •' 

leading man? studying latc and early, Franklin soon got to 
be one of the leading men, not only of Penn- 
sylvania, but of America. He was learned 
in science. By flying a kite during a thun- 
der-storm he brought the lightning down 
from the clouds. A key was fastened to the 
string of the kite, and when he saw the spark 
What did he comc froiTi the ke3^ he made the discovery 

find out about ,. , . . . , 

lightning? that lightning and electricity are the same 
thing. 

II. Franklin was one of the greatest pa- 
triots of the Revolution. His most valuable 
What was service to his country was getting the French 
greatest service? to aid the colouists. The plain Pennsylva- 
nian was a wonderful favorite at the brilliant 
Tell about capital of Fraucc. Court and people were 

him in Paris. ^ . . , r^, 

alike charmed with his simple manners. The 
ceS?'^ ^"^' French King finally agreed to send out ships 
and troops to America, and these helped 
in the struggle very much indeed. 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 



109 



12. Franklin was a leader m making the DkI he help 

^ . . ,j,, , , . , , , make the Lon- 

ConstitLition. 1 houoh then eighty years old, stiiutiun? 
his wisdom did much in laying deep the foun- 
dations of our government. Franklin wrote 
his life in a book called his " Autobiography," 4^,;;,^"'"^'°^* 
and every boy would do well to read it. 




What of his 
youth ? 



PATRICK HENRY. 

13. The leading ^r^- , Name the 

^ '^ leading ^;77/(7;-ot 

/^r, who excited the the Revolution. 

people to rise against 
the tyranny of Great 
Britain, was Patrick 
Henry. Henry was 
a Virginian. In his 
youth he led a rath- 
er wayward life, and 
it was thought that he 
would not amount to much. After a while, 
however, it was found that God had gifted what was 

'-^ afterwards 

him with wonderful eloquence. found? 

14. This was fully discovered in 1765, ti,)^^!]^",.^^^^ 
when he became a member of the Virginia shown? 
Legislature. He was the first to offer a reso- f„ "^„'''oner'a 
lution against the Stamp Act, and he made resolution 

"^ ^ ^ against what r 

a splendid speech on the subject. 



Patrick Henry. 



no PRIMARY HISTORY. 



15. In the midst of the debate he ex- 
Tell the inci- claimed, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles the 

dent in the de- . 

bate. First his Cromwell, and George the Third 

— " Treason ! " cried the Speaker, — " Trea- 
son, treason ! " echoed from every part of the 
house. Henry faltered not a moment, but, 
fixing on the Speaker an eye of fire, he 
finished his sentence, — " may profit by their 
exa7nple. If this be treason, make the most 
of it." 
How did the i5, From this time, Patrick Henry be- 

people now look _ _.. . . 

on him.? came the idol of the people of Virginia. 

His influence was felt, also, throughout the 

What did he whole country. He headed the first military 
movement in Virginia (which was imme- 
diately after the batde of Lexington), and 
drove out the royal governor, Dunmore. 

Towhatofifice Shortlv aftcrwards, Henry was elected the 

was he elected i J ^ J 

first governor of the Commomuealth ofi Vir- 
ginia. In this position he did a great deal 
to help on the war. 
Describe his j y^ Patrick Henry was nearly six feet 

appearance. ' -^ . -^ 

high, spare and raw-boned,^ with a sunburnt 
sallow complexion, and a face deeply fur- 
as an orator? rowcd. Hc was a uatural orator of the high- 
^As_^ a states- ^^^ order. As a statesman he was distin- 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION, 



I I I 



guished for his boldness. * With these quaH- Were not 

, ,. , 111 r these qualities 

ties he did a great work, at the early stage of of great use to 
the Revolution, in rousing the people to the "^^"""^'y- 
defence of their liberties. 



LAFAYETTE. 




is said 
ette ? 



Marquis de Lafayette. 



1 8. The Marquis wh^t 

^ of Lafay 

de Lafayette was the 
brightest example of 
those noble volun- 
teers who came from 
Europe to fight in the 
cause of liberty. 

19. Born to high what is said 

of him when he 

rank and a vast for- came over ? 

tune in France, La- 
fayette crossed the ocean to give his sword 
to America when he was but nineteen years 
old. He had applied to the American assents ^^J^*^ ^\^ ^ 

i ••■ «-> anecdote about 

in Paris for passage; but they were unable to the vessel, 
furnish liim with a vessel. " Then," said he, 
" I \\ ill ht out a vessel myself" ; and he did so. 

20. Lafayette arrived in America in 1777, wiicndidhe 

■^ ^ ^ ' ' ' reach Anicnea? 

and was immediately made a major-general. 

He lived in the military family of Washino-- Washington's 

•' ■' ^ J^ opinion of him. 

ton, who lo\'ed him as a son. His generosity 



112 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Hisgeneros- was boundless, and when his troops lacked 



ity 



clothing or equipment he furnished them at 
his own expense. 
What was his 2 1 . Lafavctte's most brilliant military oper- 

most hrilhant . -^ i t i /^ it 

performance in atiou was wlicn lic opposcd Lord Comwallis 
in Virginia. Afterwards he was present at 
the siege of that place, and led the storming 
of the redoubt in the most gallant manner. 

22. After the fall of Yorktown, Lafayette 

returned to his native land. The last time 

Tell about his j^g visitcd America was in 1824, when he was 

last visit. ~' 

sixty-seven years old. He was called the guest 
of the nation, and passed through twenty-four 
States in a triumphal procession. 



23- 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 

Jefferson was 



opher ? 



What is 
meant by saying 

that Jefferson the Qrreat politicalphi- 

was the greatest o j j: 

political phiios- losopliev of the Rev- 

nnhpr ? . , 

olution. 1 his means 
that he was the ablest 
writer about the prin- 
ciples of our govern- 
ment. 

24. He was a Vir- 



Give an ac- 
count of him. 




Thomas Jefferson. 



ginian, and studied to be a lawyer. He was 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 



the best scholar of all the orreat men of the ,Teii about his 

«~^ ^ scholarship and 

Revolution. He was a very accomplished accumpiish- 
man, being a bold horseman, a skilful hunt- 
er, a fine violinist, a brilliant talker, and 
well versed in many languages. 

25. The c^reatest service which Jefferson state the 

" . . "^ . greatest thing 

did his country was writing the Declaration he did for the 
of Independence. He was a member of the 
famous Continental Congress, and that body 
appointed him to compose it. It was signed 
by all the members of the Congress, and 
adopted July 4, 1776. 

26. The Declaration says that "all men Giveapas- 

„ . . . sage from the 

are created equal. This is the foundation Declaration 
of democracy, w^hich means government by 
W\Q people. All through the Revolution Jef- j^^^',';^J,,Xr- 
ferson was one of the leading patriots, and wards? 
he became president of the United States. 

27. It will interest the scholar to know 
that Jefferson was the author of our conven- 
ient denominations of United States money, 
— the mill, cent, dime, dollar, etc. 



GENERAL NATHANIEL GREENE. 

Who was the 

28. After \\\ashino;ton, the orrcatest soldier greatest soldier 

^ ^ ^^ after Washing- 

of the Revolution was General Greene. ton? 

8 



114 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Did Washini 
ton think well 
of iiim ? 




Nathaniel Greene. 



Who was he? 29. Nathaniel Greene was the son of a 

Quaker preacher in Rhode Island. He first 

When did he distin^iished himself 

nrst distinguish c> 

himself? in the battle of Lex- 

ington. Washington 
soon saw that he was 
a very fine officer, and 
promoted him to a 
hio-h command. He 
fought under Wash- 
ington in most of the 
battles in the North. 

30. In the battle of Germantown an amus- 
ing thing happened. Greene's aide-de-camp, 
Major Burnet, wore his hair in a cue. In 
the heat of the battle this cue was cut off 
by a musket-ball. Greene, seeing this, said, 
"Don't be in haste. Major; just dismount 
and get that long cue." The Major did so. 
A few minutes afterward another shot came 
whizzing so close to General Greene as to 
take from his head a large powdered curl. 
The British were hotly pursuing. " Don't 
be in haste. General," said Major Burnet; 
" dismount and get your curl." The General, 
however, did not follow the advice. 



Tell the inci- 
dent at German- 
town. 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. 



115 



^i. The 2:rcatest thincr General Greene what was 



did 

Carolinas 



. . -,.ecne s great- 

\n tlie war was his campaign in the est campaign ? 

rdl about his 



He was several times forced to 



retreat, but did so with wonderful skill. 
Then he would swoop back on the British 
and punish them severely. Thus by his fine 
generalship the enemy were at last forced to 
give up the whole South. 



generalship. 



JOHN PAUL JONES. 

32. The greatest;/^- who^^sthe 

^ ^ greatest naval 

Va/wa7'7^ior of the Rev- ^varrior? 

olution w^as John Paul 
Jones, — the most dar- 
ing captain that ever 
trod a deck. 

^n TnnoQ ix-nc a Tell some of 

33. J ones was a jQ,^^g,g j^j^^^^y 
Scotchman, and went 
to sea when a mere lad. 
He came to this coun- , ^^^ ^""^e-'^ *« 

tins country. 

try about the time of the breaking out of the 
war. Congress ga\'e him a commission in 
1775, and the mast of the ship he w\as on, ^^" ''^" •"^"''■ 




John Paul Jone 



esting fact about 

the Alfred, floated tlie first stars and stripes the stars and 
ever hoisted on any war xessel. 

34. During the next three or four years, 



stripes 



1 6 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What of him in vaHous vcssels, he scoured the high seas, 

during the next . . r r) • * i 

few years? capturmg or destroying scores oi british 
ships, and making descents upon the British 
coasts, where his name became a terror. 
Mention his 3 c. The most wondcrful exploit of John 

most wonderful _,_ ^ • r- ^ -ii t)'j'i 

exploit. Paul Jones was his fight with the British 

ship Serapis. The batde took place near 

Where did the the coast of Scodaud. Jones's ship was 

fight take place ? -^ 1 'm o 

called the Bon Homme Richard. The Se- 
rapis carried heavier metal than Jones's ship. 
Jones, however, boldly lashed his vessel to 
Tell about the the enemy's side. Then, beneath the pale 

beginning of the ,., ^, 1 rrii i 

battle. light of the moon, began a fearlul struggle, 

yofcarofthf 36. The muzzles of the guns touched, and 
^s^^t. the crews fought hand to hand, with musket 

and cutlass. Thrice both vessels were in 
flames. After two hours of carnage the Brit- 
ish captain asked Jones if he had surrendered. 
The litde commander replied, " I have only 
begun my part of the fighting." 
Tell about the ny^ j\^ Icnsfth, after the Serapis had lost 

surrender of the ^ ' *-* 1 1 • 

British captain. Qvcr two hundred men (Jones's loss being 
even greater), her captain struck his col- 
ors. As the American ship was leaking 
badly, Jones got his crew on board the cap- 
tured vessel, and the next morning the Bon 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION. I I 7 



Homme Richard went down. And thus what became 

of the boil 

ended the most darins: and desperate com- iiomme Rich- 

aid ? 

bat in naval annals. 



'g 



OTHER DISTINGUISHED SOLDIERS. 

^8. General Gates is famous for his cam- For what is 

^ , . Gates famous? 

paign against Burgoyne in New York, ni 
1777. He forced Burgoyne to surrender 
with his whole army. 

^q. General Israel Putnam was one of the what o: Put 

^-^ ^ nam ? 

dashinor officers of the Revolution. He was what of him 

^ 1 1 1 • ^* ^'^'^ bec;in 

a farmer in Connecticut, and was ploughmg of the war? 

the field when the news of Lexington came 

to him. He did not stay even to unyoke his 

oxen, but, mounting his horse, rode rapidly 

to Boston. Putnam was one of the leading 

officers at Bunker Hill. As the British ad- jj^^/p^""^^^ 

vanced, he told his men not to fire until they 

could see the whites of the enemies' eyes. 

He was not a s^reat 2:eneral, but he was very Was he a 

11" r~\^ T-> ,, ^rm/ general ? 

brave, and his soldiers called hmi " Old rut. 

40. Another officer of great valor was Name another 

^ ^ valorous omcer. 

General Anthony Wayne. The most nota- Relate the 

• , ^ most notable 

ble thing which he did was the capture ot thing he did. 
Stony Point, an important British stronghold 
on the Hudson. It was taken by a night 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Relate the 
bold feat per- 
formed by 
Ethan Allen. 



attack at the point of the bayonet. Con- 
gress awarded Wayne a medal. 

41. One of the boldest feats of the early 
part of the war was accomplished by Ethan 
Allen. With a small party he took by strata- 
gem the British fort of Ticonderoga. When 
he ordered the commander to surrender, that 
officer asked by whose authority. " In the 
name of the Great Jehovah and the Conti- 
nental Congress ! " shouted Allen. The fort, 
with all its cannon, was given up. 

42. Of the gallant officers who were killed 
during the war, remember two names in par- 
ticular, — Joseph Warren, the noble patriot, 
killed at Bunker Hill; and General Mont- 
gomery, who fell in an assault on Quebec. 

43. There is one other name which should 
be cherished by every American. It is that 
of Robert Morris. He was not a soldier, 
but he did a great deal to supply what is 
called the " sinews of war," that is, money, 
Morris managed the finances of the country. 
It was he that enabled Washington to march 
and fight by furnishing him with funds and 
supplies. Do you not say, therefore, that he, 
too, was a noble patriot } 



What two gal- 
lant officers 
killed during 
the war are 
named ? 



What other 
name is men- 
tioned ? 

What was he ? 



Tell about 
Morris. 



A REVIEW LESSON". 



119 



IV. A REVIEW LESSON. 



1 . JTt' havcjicnv gone over what period ? 
The period of the American Rev- 
olution. 

2. IV/iat was the cause of the Revolu- 
tion ? 

The injustice of Great Britain in 
taxing the American colonies. 

3. JVhere did the war break out? 
In Massachusetts. 

4. Name the early battles and tell the 
result. 

Battle of Lexington, April 19, 
1775, American success; Bunker 
Hill, June 17, 1775, the British held 
the field, but the battle was as good 
as a victory to the Americans. 
"Washington took command in July, 
besieged the British, and forced them 
to evacuate Boston in March, 1776. 

5. What is the date of the Declaration 
of Independence ? 

July 4, 1776. 

6. Giz'c an account of the catnpaign in 
iVeiu York. 

It began in August, 1776, with the 
battle of Long Island. The British 
were victorious. Washington had 
then to give up New York City ; he 



retreated up the Hudson, and the 
British took Fort Washington. 
The whole campaign in New \'ork 
was a failure for the Americans. 

7. Give aft account of the campaign in 
A'ew Jersey. 

Washington retreai'ed through 
New Jersey, and retired behind the 
Delaware into Pennsylvania. But 
on Christmas night of 1776 he re- 
crossed the Delaware, captured a 
large body of the enemy at Trentcn, 
and forced the British to go back to 
the northern part of the State. This 
campaign was, on the whole, a fine 
success. 

8. Give an account of the campaign in 
Pennsylvania. 

In the summer of 1777 the British 
moved from New "S'ork by water to 
Pennsylvania. Washington's army 
marched overlind. and the two met 
on the Brandy wine. The Ameri- 
cans were defeated. This enabled 
the British to take Philadelphia. 
The campaign was unsuccessful for 
the Americans. The army wintered 
at Valley Forge. 



I20 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



9. Give an account of Btirgoyjie's cam- 
paign. 

Burgoyne invaded New York, but 
was met by the Americans under 
General Schuyler, and afterwards 
under Gates. Two severe actions 
were fought near Saratoga, and 
Burgoyne surrendered his whole 
army at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 

10. When did the French help the 
Americans ? 

In 1778, by sending out war ves- 
sels and troops. 

1 1. What was the effect of this ? 

The British gave up Philadelphia 
and retreated to New York. Wash- 
ington followed them, fighting one 
indecisive action at Monmouth, and 
then took position at White Plains, 
N. Y. Nothing important took 
place between the two armies in 
New York after this. 

12. To what place was the war now 
shifted? 

To the South. 

13. Give a?t account of the campaign in 
the South ? 

The British sent a large force to 
the South at the end of 1779. They 
captured Savannah and Charles- 
ton, and overran all Georgia and 
South Carolina. An army was 
sent down there under General 



Gates, in 1780, but the British were 
most successful. General Greene 
then took command. He had often 
to retreat, but he managed very well, 
and finally cooped the British up in 
Charleston, where they stayed till 
.the end of the war. 

14. What was the best battle of the war ? 
The siege of Yorktown, Virginia. 

15. Tell about it. 

Lord Cornwallis was with an 
army at Yorktown. "Washington 
moved rapidly from New York to 
that place. He was joined by a 
French force under Rochambeau 
and a French fleet under Count de 
Grasse. They besieged the British, 
and Cornwallis surrendered his 
whole army, October 19, 1781. 

1 6. What took place the next year ? 
Negotiations for peace. 

1 7. When was the treaty of peace signed ? 
September 3, 1783. 

1 8 What was our government called at 
this time ? 

The Confederation. 

19. When did the United States under 
the Constitution begin ? 

March 4, 1789. 

20. Who was the first president of the 
United States ? 

George Washington. 



THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON. 121 

PART III. 

THE UNITED STATES. 



I. THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON. 

1. With the foundino: of the o-overnment , when does 

^ ^ ^ , the history of 

under the Constitution beo'ins the history o"i- country as 

., c- thcUnitcd 

of our country as the United States. states begin? 

2. You will remember that our country ^ Mention the 

^ nrst i)cnod ot 

was, first of all, under the rule of England, our country's 
and consisted of British colonies. Then, The second. 
that the colonies rebelled (1775), and de- 
clared their independence (1776). Finally, The third. 
that the Constitution was made, and the 
Union under which we are now living was 
established, 1789. 

x, Washinsfton was the first president of when and 

, , . \vhcre was 

the Union. He was inaugurated, that is, Washington 

.- inaugurated? 

he began to be president, April 30, 1709. 
The capital of the Union was at this time 
New York, and it was on the balcony of 
the old P'^ederal Hall that Washington swore 
to support the Constitution. 

4. As you advance in your studies, you 



122 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



will be able to understand better about the 

government of our country. For the present, 

try to remember that the Constitution has 

government are arranged that the United States sfovernment 

there ? . 

shall consist of three branches : — 



How many 
branches of the 



What is the Xhe executive branch, — that is, the Presi- 

executive 

branch? dcut, who exccittes the laws. 

The legisia- The IcHslative branch, — which is Con- 

tive ? 

gress, consisting of the Senate and House of 
Representatives: this is the X-^-^' -making ^o\n^x. 

The judicial ? The /?/^/V/^?/ branch, — which consists of 
the Supreme Court, whose duty it is to inter- 
pret the law. 

Tell how the 5. Now, undcr President Washington, our 

government was 

put in motion govemmcnt was put into operation very 

under Wash- , • ., . . i i • /-> 

ington. much as it IS now, — that is. Congress, com- 

posed of representatives, elected by the peo- 
ple, met to make laws ; and Washington, 
with his assistants (called his Cabinet), be- 
gan to administer the government. 
Were there (^ You would kuow without bcino^ told that 

difficulties ? ... 

there must have been many difficulties in 
What was the startiuo" tlic o-ovemmcnt. One oTcat trouble 

great trouble ? ■, 1 i 1 • i 1 

was that the country was very deeply in debt. 
What is said 7, Quc of the o^rcat men of W^ashinQ:ton's 

of Alexander „ , . ai 1 -i tt 

Hamilton? Cabinet was Alexander Hamilton. He was 



Till-: TIMES OF WASHINGTON. 



Secretary of the Treasury. He proposed a 
plan which Congress adopted, and by which 
the heavy debts of the Revolutionary war 
were paid, and means were obtained for car- 
rying on the government. 

8. There were several other difficulties .^^^"o'hTciif- 
which had to be met, — difficulties at home ^^c">^'^^- 
about taxes, and on the western frontier with 
the Indians, and disputes with England and 
France. But during Washington's adminis- .e.'JedV'''' '" 



tration these thino;s were all settled. 
9 



The time for which a president is of u^e dme'iut 



elected is four years ; but after this he may ^J^^i^,^ 
be chosen for a second term. Washington was president ? 
was re-elected; hence he was president for 
eight years, that is, from 1789 to 1797. 

10. The people would have been very glad j^gTon be re^ ' 
to elect Washington for a third term ; but he '^'^'^'^^ 
would not consent. He retired to his home 

at Mount Vernon, where he died December ^^.^"^^[^^^^^ ,^f 
14, 1799. Remember this date by thinking ^i^e? 
that it was in ///c last vumth of last century. 

11. In reading about the United States in counu'vh"' 
the times of Washington, you must try and '^:^'^' 
picture to yourself something very different ""^v? 
from our country at present. 



24 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Tell about the 
number of States 
then. 



The territory 
they filled. 



Compare the 
number of peo- 
ple then and 
now. 



What two 
great means of 
travel were 
lacking then ? 



What other 
matters were in 
their infancy ? 



What of our 
country as a 
young nation ? 



12. There were then but fifteen States, — 
the old Thirteen, together with Vermont, ad- 
mitted into the Union in 1791, and Ken- 
tucky in 1792. These filled hardly more 
than the narrow strip along the Atlantic sea- 
coast, east of the Alleghanies ; whereas our 
country now stretches across the entire 
American continent from the Atlantic to 
the Pacific. 

13. The population of the United States 
in Washington's time was only about four 
millions, which is not more than one tenth of 
the people inhabiting our broad Union. 

14. In Washington's time, there was not a 
steamboat on any American waters. There 
was not a mile of railroad or telegraph on 
any part of the American continent. The 
commerce of the United States was very 
small. The mines were not worked. No 
cotton or sugar — two of our country's 
greatest products now — was raised. 

15. In fact, the United States was a young 
nation setting up for itself in the world, — 
not with a very large capital, but rich in 
pluck, energy, faith, and virtue, and with a 
broad continent on which to write its future. 



OUR PRESIDENTS. 125 



Adams. 



II. OUR PRESIDENTS. 

1. iMrst president, — George Washington, Administra- 

_r T-- • • T- . o - tion of Wash- 

ot V u-gniia. Iwo terms, 1789 to 1797. ington. 

2. Second president, — John Adams, of ofjohn 
Massachusetts. One term, 1797 to i8or. 

3. Third president, — Thomas Jefferson, Of Jefferson. 
of Virginia. Two terms, iSoi to 1809. 

4. Fourth president, — James Madison, of of xMadison. 
Virginia. Two terms, 1809 to 181 7. 

5. Fifth president, — James Monroe, of Of Monroe. 
Virginia. Two terms, 181 7 to 1825. 

6. Sixth president, — John Ouincy Adams, or John 

of Massachusetts. One termTi825 to 1829. Q"^'^^^'^^^-^- 

7. Seventh president. — Andrew Jackson, of Jackson. 
of Tennessee. Two terms, 1829 to 1837. 

8. Eighth president, — Martin Van Bu- or Van 
ren, of N. Y. One term, 1837 to 1841. ^"'■'''' 

9. Ninth president, — William H. Har- or Harrison, 
rison, of Ohio. Was inaugurated March 4, 

1 84 1, and died within a month. 

10. Tenth president, — John Tyler, of OfTvicr. 
Virginia. Mad been vice-president under 
Flarrison, on whose death he became presi- 
dent ; served till 1845. 

11. Eleventh president, — James K. Polk, ofPoik. 
of Tennessee. One term, 1845 to 1849. 



126 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Of Taylor. 12. Twelfth president — Zachary Taylor, 

of Louisiana. Died in office, 1850. 

Of Fillmore. 1 3. Thirteenth president, — Millard Fill- 
more, of N. Y. ; vice-president under Taylor, 
and served till the end of the term, 1853. 

Of Pierce. 14. Fourteenth president, — Franklin 

Pierce, of N. H. One term, 1853 to 1857. 

Of Buchanan 1 5. Fifteenth president, — James Buchan- 
an, of Pa. One term, 1857 to 1861. 

16. Sixteenth president, — Abraham Lin- 
coln, of Illinois. Served from 1861 to 1865. 
Re-elected, but assassinated in April, 1865. 

17. Seventeenth president, — Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee ; vice-president under 
Lincoln, and served till 1869. 

18. Eighteenth president, — Ulysses S. 
Grant, of Illinois. Two terms, 1869 to 1877. 

19. Nineteenth president, — Rutherford 
B. Hayes, of Ohio. One term, 1 8 7 7 to 1 88 1 . 

Of Garfield. 20. Twentieth president, — James A. Gar- 
field, of Ohio. Inaugurated March 5, 1881, 
and died by assassination September 19, 
1881. 

Of Arthur. 2 1. Twcuty-first president, — Chester A. 
Arthur, of N. Y. ; vice-president under Gar- 
field, on whose death he became president. 



Of Lincoln. 



Of Johnson. 



Of Grant. 



Of Hayes. 




Daniel Boone in Kentucky. 

III. THE GREAT WEST. 




BOONE AND KENTUCKY. 

I. The story of the pioneers who 
'\ settled the 2:reat West is one of tlie 
most interesting and romantic chajD- 
tcrs in the liistory of our country. 
The first three settlements beyond 
the Alleghany Mountains were made 
in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. It was from these 
places that population gradually spread, and settled the 
whole West. 



/^^~^a«(^ 



128 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Who was the 2. The first Dioneer who be^an a settle- 

earliest pio- . t^ • 1 

neer? mcnt 111 the vast Wilderness was Daniel 

Boone. He was born in North Carolina. 

What can you Being: verv fond of a wild, free life, Boone 

tell about ^ -^ 

Boone? left his home about six years before the 

American Revolution began, and with a few 

companions threaded his way to the country 

south of the Ohio River. 

Give a de- ^_ Standino^ on the banks of that stream, 

sen pti on of the ^ ^ 

country he saw. hc lookcd abroad over a limitless landscape 

of stream, wood, and hill. Over its face 

roamed vast herds of buffalo. It was the 

home of many tribes of savage Indians ; but 

Why did for these Boone was well prepared, being 

Boone not fear . i • 1 i 

the Indians ? himsclf a soit of Indian and a mighty hunter. 
Describe his Hc woi'C a Cap of fur and the buckskin dress 

dress and arms. i " 1 1 

of the red man, and was armed with hunt- 
ing-knife and rifle, as you see him pictured 
on the previous page. 
Tell about his .^ Boone had many darino: adventures 

adventures. ~ ,/ o 

and hair-breadth escapes among the savages. 

He was several times captured, but always 

What of his aot away. His companions were not so for- 

companions ? '^ -' ^ •111 

tunate, for three of them were killed by the 
Indians and one was eaten by wolves; so 
finally Boone and his brother were left alone. 



THE GREAT WEST. I 29 



However, they built themselves a cabin of ^^hat did he 

1 , 1 • 1 ^"*^^ '^'^ brother 

poles and bark, and stayed there hunting and nowdcr' 
fishing and surveying the broad country. 

5. After remaining two or three years, 
they returned home to bring out their wives 
and children, and were joined by several 

other families. In 177s (which you will ,^^'^^^"f'Y^ 

' ' ^ ^ J where did they 

remember was in the same year as the battle settle down? 
of Lexington), they settled in Kentucky at a 
place which they called Boonesborough. 

6. Two or three years after this, Boone , ^^late 

■^ , liooiie's adven- 

was captured by the Indians. They took a tme with the in- 

r 1 • 1 1 1 • 1 • 11 dians. 

great fancy to him and treated him kindly, 
but he made his escape, and after traveling 
160 miles in four days rejoined his family. 

7. The settlemicnts at first suffered Q-reatly , what of the 

' ^ . Indians ? 

from the Indians, who were very hostile. 
Many dreadful deeds were done in early 
times. The name Kentucky means, in In- , Cleaning of 

J the word Ken- 

dian, " the dark and bloody ground," and so tucky. 
indeed it was in the times of Boone. 

8. You must not think that Kentucky was Was Ken- 

^ tucky a State at 

a State ^.i this time, for it was then under the this time? 
government of Virginia. After the war of 
the Revolution, large numbers of people 
from Virorinia and North Carolina went to 

o 

9 



130 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



When did it 
become a State ? 



Kentucky, and in 1792 (which was in Wash- 
ington's administration) it came into the 
Union as a State. 



TENNESSEE. 

Tennessee g Tcnncssce at first bclono^ed to North 

belonged to ^ ^ 

what State? Carohna. It was settled by a colony of peo- 

Who settled pie who flcd from the ill treatment of the 
It ? ^ . 

British in the Carolinas, in the war of the Rev- 

Where did olution. Thcv found a home on the Cumber- 

they locate ? •' 



State admit- 
ted when ? 

What other 
States were set- 



land River, near where Nashville now is. 

10. Tennessee became a State in 1796, 
and was the mother of many other States in 



tied from there ? the great vallcy of the Mississippi. 



OHIO. 

Who settled jj, Qhio was Settled by a company from 

Ohio ? y r r c 

New England. There were about fifty of 

the band, who were led by Rufus Putnam 

(a son of "Old Put."). In the year 1787 

Tell how they they readied Pittsburg^, where they built a 

emigrated. ^ i-ii ii iv/rn ?> 

boat which they named the " Mayfiower. 
Launching her on the Ohio, these new Pil- 
grims sailed down stream for five days, and 
Where did finally made a settlement at a place which 

they make their ■' ^ 

first settlement ? they named Marietta \_May-re'et' ta\ 



THE GREAT WEST. 



12. Other emigrants from New Encrland what sort of 

. . 1 1 *^ rr^, . ,,/ peo])le joined 

soon joined them. 1 hey were mtelhgent, them? 
hardy, and moral people, and Washinoton „"?^^^'fi 

^ . . . ^ Washington 

took great interest in this first settlement of feei about it ? 
the Northwest. 

13. At this time the woods and prairies , Teii about the 

. . ^^ ^ Indians in Ohio. 

of Ohio swarmed with Indians. They were 
very hostile to the whites, who now began 
to overrun their huntinQ:-o^rounds. War ^ what of the 

^ ^ fights ? 

soon broke out. Several battles took place, 
in which the Indians w^ere successful. After- 
ward General Anthony Wayne (whom you . who was put 

J J \ ■'in rnmni'inn r 



in comnian 



remember as the bold officer that captured 
Stony Point) was put in command. 

14. Little Turtle, who was the chief of the ,.^f"^''^^,^ 

^ ^ ' ^ Little Turtle 

Indians, said that the whites had now a lead- said. 

er who never slept, and advised the tribes 

to make peace. But they would not. In a- 

Qfreat battle the savao^es were defeated by , when were 

^ , ^ -' thev defeated } 

Wayne, who, in 1795, forced them to make the treaty. 
a treaty, sfivincf up the whole of Ohio. In ,„^.^ ''^" '"'^^ 

J^ ^ ^ 1 Ohio made a 

the year 1802, Ohio came into the Union. ^t^te.? 

15. Tens of thousands of setders now 

mo\'ed to the WY^st, and the Q-reat States of ,, ^^'hat other 

"^ ^ ^ States were 

Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, and Wis- founded.? 
consin were one by one added to the Union. 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



IV. TFIE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



How long 
was it ere our 
government had 
to go to war 
with Ensiland ? 



How loni 
it last? 



did 



What two na- 
tions of Europe 
were at war ? 



What did our 
government 



say 



What orders 
did England 
and France 
make in regard 
to American 
ships ? 



1. The United States were not twenty 
years old before they had to go to war with 
Eno^land a second time. This war was 
called the war of 1812, because it began in 
that year. It lasted about two years, and 
ended early in 181 5. 

2. Now you must try to understand the 
cause of this contest. For several years be- 
fore it began, France, headed by the great 
Napoleon, was at war with England. The 
United States said that they would not side 
with either nation, that is, that they would be 
7teiitraL But Napoleon would not have 
American ships trade with the British. 
England also was not willing to have Ameri- 
can ships trade with the French. Napoleon 
made an order closing British ports to 
American vessels, and England did the 
same with regard to the French ports. 

3. England pretended that American ves- 
sels were not obeying this order, and so Brit- 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 1 33 



ish men-of-war began capturing them. Hun- why did the 

1 1 r j\ • 1 • '^ 1 1 British begin 

areas ot American snips were thus taken. capturing our 

4. Besides this, England said that she had ^^'^^^' 

a rio;ht to search American vessels to see if „.^y'"'^^;^'^sthe 

^ , Rightof Search? 

they had on board of them any sailors be- 
longing to Great Britain. On this pretence Teii what was 
our ships were searched, and many seamen 
were taken from them and forced to serve in 
the British navy. In some cases the sailors ^^^^^^ "^re 

1 111 T 1 • 1 • ^''"^^ of tiie 

taken had been naturalized in this country, sailors taken ? 
others w^ere American-born citizens. The 
English naval officers behaved in a very in- 
solent way. 

5. At last the American Q-overnment would when did our 

^ ^ '^ government re- 

not put up with this hioh-handed conduct ^''^^ to stand 

'^ ^ , . this ? 

any longer, and in 1812 declared war against 
England. James Madison, the fourth in the 
list, was then president. 



RAIDS INTO CANADA. 

6. The Americans bcQ-an the war by •Y'-''^^ ""U^"^ 

o -' raids into Can- 

makino^ raids into Canada, but these did not ^^^^l 

^ What place 

amount to much. On the other hand, the did the British 
british captured Detroit. 

7. In the second year of the war, General 
Dearborn, the American commander-in-chief. 



134 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Tell what 
places the 
Americans took 
in 1813. 



What of these 
places after- 
wards ? 

Were the sea- 
fights better 
than the land 



Name some 
of the great 
sailors. 

Tell the story 
of Lawrence. 



sent a force which took York, now Toronto. 
Another force moved agamst Fort George, 
at the mouth of the Niagara River, and cap- 
tured it. After a while most of the troops 
were taken elsewhere. Then the British 
turned the tables on the Americans. They 
recaptured Fort George, and made several 
raids into Northern New York, plundering 
and burning settlements. 

8. While most of the land opei^ations of 
the years 181 2 and 181 3 did not turn out 
well for the Americans, our w-iivy performed 
a number of brilliant exploits. Those gal- 
lant sailors. Porter and Decatur and Bain- 
bridge, captured many a British war-ship. 

9. Captain Lawrence, in the frigate Chesa- 
peake, attacked the British frigate Shannon 
near Boston Harbor. Lawrence was mor- 
tally wounded, but his dying order, " Don't 
give up the ship," became the watchword of 
American sailors. 



NAVAL OPERATIONS. 

Which was jq. The grandest naval victory of the war 

the grandest '-^ -^ 

victory? was gained September 10, 181 3, by Commo- 

dore Perry on Lake Erie. The American 



THE SFXOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



135 




^; --"^- 



Perry's Victory on Lake Erie. 

S^fSi.^^^ fleet consisted of nine vessels, 
the British of six, but these 
carried more cannon than our 

, .^,__ ships. 

•^/?.i4^ -- - — 1 1. Perry's flacr-shij) was the 

Lawrence, named in honor of the brave commander of 
the Chesapeake. (See page 134, 1 9.) A flao^ bearing 
that licro's dvino; words, " Don't give up tlic shii)," was 




Questions. — What of the two fleets? Name the flag ship. 



136 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What was displayed as the sio^nal for .action, and the 

the signal? ^ / / ^ 

fight began. 
Describe the ^ 2. 1 he BHtlsh vessels leveled most of 

British fire on 

the flag-ship, their guns at the Lawrence. For two hours 
they poured in their broadsides, till her can- 
non were dismounted, and she lay upon the 
water almost a wreck. Only fourteen, out of 
her crew of one hundred men, were unhurt. 
What had I ^. It was uow clcar that he must make his 

now to be done ? ^ 

way to another vessel, — a very dangerous 
Describe his ^i^jj-^g, ^^ ^^^ Takiuo- his batdc-flaQ^ with him, 

daring deed. •& 00' 

he descended into an open boat and made his 

way to the Niagara, under fire of the whole 

fleet of the enemy. (See illustration, p. 135.) 

Give an ac- j^. The hearty cheers with which the 

count 01 Ferry s , , -^ 

attack and the American sailors greeted Perry's deed were 
der. followed by the thick broadsides of their ves- 

sels. In fifteen minutes the entire British 
squadron surrendered, and Perry was able 



His pithy de- to wotc his pithy dcspatch, " We have met 

spatch. 1 -, » 

the enemy, and they are ours. 



AMERICAN VICTORIES IN CANADA. 

15. In the summer of 18 14, the Ameri- 
ries in Canada cans wou scvcral victooes ou the Canadian 

in 1814. 

frontiers. Chippewa and Lundy's Lane were 



Mention some 
American victo- 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



^37 



the most important. In the latter battle w'hat officer 

was at Lundy's 

General Winficld Scott, who afterwards led Lane? 
the Americans in the Mexican war, greatly 
distinguished himself. 

1 6. These successes drove the British from ^^^^'^^ ^^^^^■ 



the Niagara frontier. 



BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN. 



17. In September, 1814, the beautiful ^^,,^^^^5- -^ 



take place ? 



The com- 
manders ? 



Lake Champlain was the scene of another "^^ "f^^^^^s^t 
great naval combat. 

18. The American fleet w^as under Com- 
modore McDonough, the British under Com- 
modore Downie. 
For more than two 
hours the hostile 
squadrons poured 
their fire into each 
other 
the British ships ^s^'^- 

were sunk or taken, 
and when the action closed there was not a 
mast standing in either fleet. 

19. The victory of the Americans was ^he^vkto^rf '"^ 
hailed with shouts of joy by thousands of 
spectators gathered on the shore. 




Nearly all ^^^';^- 



138 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Speak of the 
fight at Platts- 
burg. 



20. During this battle the British land 
forces attacked the Americans at Plattsburg, 
which was near by. They, were repulsed, 
and when the fleet surrendered, the British 
army beat a hasty retreat. 



THE BRITISH AT WASHINGTON AND BALTIMORE. 

2 1. In August, 1 8 14, a British force 
marched against the city of Washington, 
which then had no troops to defend it. 
They burned the Capitol and other public 
buildings, and went back to their ships. 

22. The British then sailed to the neigh- 
borhood of Baltimore, and bombarded Fort 
Mc Henry without success. There was also 
a skirmish near Baltimore, but as the British 
general, Ross, was killed, the enemy retreated 
to their ships and sailed away. 

23. It was during the bombardment of 
Fort Mc Henry that our beautiful national 

st^!s*an "ild^ ^^^S' "The Star-Spangled Banner," was 
Banner"? composcd by Fraucis S. Key. 



Give an ac- 
count of the at- 
tack on Wash- 
ington. 



Where did 
they next go ? 

Tell what 
took place. 



Which was 
the last battle ? 



BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 

24. The last action of the war was the 
famous battle of New Orleans. A force of 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 1 39 



twelve thousand of the best EnorHsh troops Teii about 

^ ^ the British force. 

under Sir Edward Packenham approached 
that city, January 8, 1 8 1 5. It was defended by 
General Andrew lackson, with six thousand '^^'^^ Ameri- 

can. 

militia. 

25. lackson had intrenched his men be- Give an ac- 

^ J count of the 

hind a long embankment. As the British battle, 
lines advanced, they were met by a deadly 
fire from the rifles of American marksmen, 
and mowed down in great numbers. 

26. It was an overwhelming defeat to the who beat.? 
British. Their commander fell, and over Teii the losses 

on each side. 

two thousand were killed or wounded. The 
American loss was only thirteen ! 

PEACE. 

27. Perhaps you will be surprised to learn Had a treaty 

' ^ -^ ^ of peace been 

that the battle of Ncw^ Orleans was fought already made > 



after a treaty of peace had been made. The 
treaty had been signe 
a fortnight before, bu 
reached this country. 



treaty had been signed at Ghent, in Belgium, ^i^^^^^^^j/ie''" "''" 
a fortnight before, but the news had not then fought > 



140 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



V. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 



BEYOND THE MISSISSIPPI. 

whenvvas j^ i^ jgo^ the United States bouorht from 

the Louisiana ^ ^ c> 

Purchase made, Fraiice the vast territory between the Missis- 

and what was . . r-» . t^ • r 

it? sippi River and the Pacmc Ocean. This is 

called the " Louisiana Purchase." 

What power 2. Thc wholc countrv west of the Missis- 
had claimed it ? ^ ^ ^ -^ 

sippi had been claimed by Spain. But in 
/^o^vh3.tuti- lYiQ yQ2iY 1802, Spain crave up her rio^ht to 

tion did she -^ . . 

give it up? France. At this time, Napoleon the Great 
What did Na- was rulcr of France. He offered to sell 

poleon offer to . . t t • 

do? Louisiana to the United States for fifteen 

Who bought million dollars. JeiTerson, who was presi- 

it, and when ? . 1 • 1 1 • • 

dent at the time, bought it in 1803. 
Name the first 3. The first State carved out of this pur- 

btate carved out . . . , -^ 

of it? chase was Louisiana, which came into the 

When admit- tt • • d -t. 1 • n tt 

ted? Union m 1812. But this was not all. You 

will see what a great thing this purchase was 

for the United States, when you learn that 

Name the it covcrcd what afterwards became the 2:reat 

other States r tx/t* • / 

afterwards Statcs of MissouH (admitted 1 82 1 ), Arkansas 

carved out of /i',io^\t / ^ • t /-. stv/i. 

this purchase, (admitted 1836), Iowa (admitted 1846), Mm- 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. I41 

nesota (admitted 1858), Kansas (admitted 
1861), and Nebraska (admitted 1867). 

4. Besides this, the purchase of Louisiana ,^^'^f^ ''^^]^^, 

^ ' 1 advantage did 

gave the United States control of both sides this give us? 
of the Mississippi and all its tributaries. Na- 
poleon said about it: '^ This accession of ter- what did Na- 

■i^ poleon say r 

ritory strengthens forever the power of the 
United States, and I have just given to Eng- 
land a maritime rival that will sooner or 
later humble her pride." This prophecy came 
true in the war of 1812, as you have seen. 



When did 
this come true ? 



HAMILTON AND BURR. 

5. In 1804 a o^reat sensation was made in whose death 

^ T^ o caused great 

the country by the death of Alexander Ham- feeling? 
ilton, who, you remember, was Secretary of 
the Treasury under Washington. 

6. Aaron Burr, then Vice-President of the ^,^;;;|;''^Bu[r ? 
United States, a very talented but bad man, 
was a rival of Hamilton's. He challenged j,^ 
him to fight a duel, which took place at Wee- 
hawken, and Hamilton was killed. 

7. Burr now disai^peared from ixiblic view, ^^'^at now be 

' A 1 A came of Burr ? 

but he afterwards turned up out West, where 
he is said to have made a conspiracy to sep- 
arate the Western States from the Eastern. 



Tell about 
c duel. 



142 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Why was he He was aiTestcd and tried for treason, but 

let off ? ' 

as our government could not prove that he 
had been doing this, he was set free. 



Where are the 
Barbary States ? 



What of their 
pirates ? 



What did our 
government do 
about it ? 



What made 
the President 
punish them ? 



Tell about the 
capture of the 
Philadelphia. 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
deed of Deca- 
tur. 



WAR WITH THE BARBARY PIRATES. 

8. In the northern part of Africa, on the 
shore of the Mediterranean Sea, are the Bar- 
bary States, as they are called. For a long 
time these were the home of pirates, who 
used to capture vessels on the Mediterranean, 
and sell their crews into slavery. 

9. For a number of years the United 
States paid these people a certain sum of 
money every year not to trouble their ships. 
But at last the pirates of Tripoli (one of these 
States) became so insolent that President 
Jefferson in 1803 ^^^^ ^ naval force under 
Commodore Preble to punish them. 

10. One of the American fleet, the frigate 
Philadelphia, while chasing a small craft of 
the enemy, ran upon a rock, and was captured 
by the Tripolitans. 

1 1 . This was a great prize for the pirates, 
but in February, 1804, Lieutenant Decatur 
entered the harbor of Tripoli in a small 
schooner at night, boarded the Philadelphia, 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 



14, 



and burned her. After this, Commodore , what ended 



Preble several times bombarded Tripoli, and 
finally in 1805 ^^^^ governor, or "bashaw," as 
he was called, was glad to make peace. 



tlu 



FULTON AND THE FIRST STEAMBOAT. 

1 2. The first steamboat in the world began ^ Jt'^sJeamboar 
to run on the Hudson River in the year 1807. 

1 3. The steamboat was invented by Robert . )^'i^o invented 
Fulton, a Pennsylvanian, w4io was born ten 

years before the breaking out of the Revolu- 




144 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What can you tioil. 
say of him ? 



His steamer 
on the Seine led 
to what ? 



Name of the 
boat. 

Tell about its niOllt. 
trial-trip. 



Was the 
Clermont like 
our steamers ? 



He was originally a painter ; but went 
to Europe, and got interested in the steam- 
engine. He made a little steamer on the 
river Seine in France : this was a success as 
an experiment ; so he came to New York 
and built what was thought to be quite a 
large steamboat. 

14. The name of this boat was the Cler- 
It made its trial-trip to Albany in 

thirty-six hours, — a great improvement on 
the river-sloops, which took a week or more. 
As she sailed up the river, the people hailed 
her with surprise and delight. 

15. Of course she was very different from 
those you now see floating on our rivers and 
lakes, or steaming out of our great seaports ; 
but when you behold these, remember that, 
giants though they are, they have all come 
from the little Clermont of Robert Fulton. 



Had the 
Western In- 
dians forgotten 
the lesson 
Wayne taught 
them ? 



BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 

16. You saw that General Wayne taught 
the Indians of the Northwest a severe lesson. 
But after a while they forgot it. Just before 
we got into the war of i8r2 with England, 
British agents went to the Indians and stirred 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 1 45 



them up to break the treaty they had made ^^'^o stined 

. •' •' them up to hos- 

with the Americans. tiiit> ? 

17. At the head of the Western Indian Dcscrii)e 

., 1 r 1 • r ^- 1 • Tecumseh. 

tribes was the lamous chiei lecumseh, a gi- 
ant in strength, and noted for his craft and 
eloquence. He had a brother named " The pro'Yiet''^ 
Prophet." 

18. Tecumseh went off to rally the tribes, ^vhat did the 

^ ' two do ? 

and the Prophet collected his follow^ers at the 

mouth of the Tippecanoe River, in what was what was in- 

/ ^ . . . diana then ? 

then called Indiana Territory. William H. who was 
Harrison, afterwards president of the United go^'^''""'- 
States, was governor. 

iQ. Harrison wisely concluded not to wait ^^^''}^^ "^'f , 

^ -I Harrison do ? 

till Tecumseh had marshaled his tribes ; so 
he went to the Indian army on the Tippe- 
canoe. He was met by ambassadors of the ^ what did the 

-^ Indian amlias- 

red men, who said they wanted peace, and sadors say ? 

would make a treaty the next day. 

20. That verv nio-ht the savas^es, with real Give an ac- 
•^ *-* , count of tiic In- 

Indian bad faith, attacked the American dian attack. 

camp. Concealed in the long prairie grass, 
they shot their deadly rifles into the Ameri- 
can camp. But Harrison was prepared for ji^.r|!i^J','\1[,i 
them, and as soon as it was dawn, he 
charged upon them, and routed the Indians 



146 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Date of the 
battle. 



with great slaughter. And this was the battle 
of Tippecanoe, fought November 7, 181 1. 



Who first set- 
tled Florida ? 



When did it 
become part of 
the United 
States ? 

When ad- 
mitted ? 



FLORIDA PURCHASED BY THE UNITED STATES. 

2 1. Florida, as you remember, was taken 
possession of by the Spaniards soon after the 
discovery of America. It did not become a 
part of the United States till 1821, when our 
government bought it of Spain. Florida was 
admitted into the Union as a State in 1845. 



We take a 
view of the 
growth of our 
country how 
long after 
Washington ? 

Who was now 
president ? 

How many 
stars were there 
in our flag ? 



Population. 



What of the 
prosperity } 



TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER WASHINGTON S 
DEATH. 

2 2. Let US pause here, and see what had 
been the growth of our country during the 
quarter of a century after the death of Wash- 
ington, lliis would be the year 1825. John 
Quincy Adams had just become president. 

23. There were now twenty-four stars in 
our flag, showing that the old Thirteen States 
had grown to twenty-four. 

24. The /our millions of population had 
increased to over twelve millions. 

25. The prosperity of our country was at 
this time very great. Agriculture and com- 
merce were both very flourishing. The ex- 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 1 47 

tensive cultivation of cotton (made profitable what made 

1 . . , _,.__.,. . the South rich? 

SHice the nivention, by Eli Whitney, of a 
machine called the cotton-gin) had enriched 
the South. 

26. The North was now bemnnino- to ,,w^'V ^'^ ^^^ 

^^ ^ North? 

engage largely in manufactures. To encour- 

ao;e these President Adams w-as in favor of ,7^^''';^y ^ 

•^ ^ ^ Adams favored 

what is called a tariff, which means duties a tariff. 

. , . What is a 

or taxes laid on articles manufactured abroad tariff? 

and broucrht into this country. Such a tariff, ^);i^en passed 

^ •' bv Congress? 

w^as made by Congress in 1828. This ena- 
bled the Eastern people to make great profits its effect, 
out of their cotton oroods, iron, etc. But the ^ ^ow did the 

^ South look on 

people of the South were much opposed to it? 
the tariff, because, not being- a manufactur- 
ing people, they naturally wished to buy as 
cheaply as possible. 

27. It was about this same time that great to b?biiit^f t^" 
works like canals and railroads began to be thistime? 
built. The Erie Canal, which unites Lake ^^^^H^l^^ 
Erie with tlie Hudson River, was opened 

during Adams's administration. 

28. Then, too, the first railroad was con- firsYrlnroad^>^ 
structed (at President Adams's own town 

of Quincy), — the beginning of the vast net- 
work of iron roads now covering our country. 

I 



izl8 primary history. 



The first railroad for carrying passengers 
was the Baltimore and Ohio, begun in 1829. 

DEATH OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON. 

What notable 20. The fiftieth anniversary of the Dec- 
event happened -^ -^ 

iniS26? laration of Independence, July 4, 1826, was 

rendered remarkable on account of the death 
of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the 
second and third presidents. Jefferson was 

Tell about these j-j^e author of the Declaration; Adams, its 

two great men. 

great advocate in Congress. The last words 
of Adams were, " Thomas Jefferson still sur- 
vives " ; but Jefferson was already lying dead 
in his home at Monticello. 

jackson's administration. 
When did c,o. On the 4th of March, 1829, General 

Jackson become ^ . 

president? Audrcw Jackson became president. 

What have 31. You havc already learnt something 

Jackson? about General Jackson, and know that he 

was the hero of the battle of New Orleans. 

Tell what He was a man of tremendous ivill, — of im- 

manner of man . . 

he was. mcnsc energy and determmation, and of very 

fiery temper ; but the people liked him. 

What was the ^ ^}^ . ^ • t 1 

most important 32. 1 hc most UTiportaut matter m Jack- 
jlckson"? ^^ son's time was what is called " nullification." 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 



149 



33. To understand this, remember what 
was said about the Southern people's oppos- 
ing the tariff. Well, in 1832, Congress in- 
creased the duties. South Carolina said they 
should not be collected in her harbors. This 
was called mdlifyuig, or making null and 
void the laws of the United States. 

34. Jackson said he should enforce the 
law, and sent General Scott down to Charles- 
ton to see about it. But in the mean time the 
matter was settled to the satisfaction of the 
South. Henry Clay had got Congress to 
pass a law arranging for the gradual lessen- 
ing of the duties. 



Tell what voii 
renicnihcr of tlie 
meaning of nul- 
lification. 



What did 
Jackson say and 
do? 



How was the 
matter settled ? 



WEBSTER, CLAY, AND CALHOUN. 




Daniel Webster. 



35. Our three great- 
est orators and states- 
men during the first 
half of the present cen- 
were Webster, 
and Calhoun. 
Daniel Webster 
born in New 
Hampshire, in 1782. 
His father was a hum- 



Name the 

three great ora- 
tors and states- 
men. 



Give an ac- 
count of Web- 
ster's early life. 



I50 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What offices 
did he fill ? 

What of him 
as an orator ? 

His greatest 
speeches were 
what ? 

Describe his 
appearance. 

Date of his 
death. 

Give an ac- 
count of Clay's 
early life. 



ble farmer; but he managed to send Daniel 
to college. He afterwards studied law, and 
in 1812 he was elected to Congress from 
Massachusetts. He was one of the grandest 
orators that ever lived. His greatest speeches 
were made in favor of the Union and in op- 
position to the " State rights " doctrine of the 
South. He had a large frame, and a head 
as massive as his mind. He died in 1852. 

37. Henry Clay was born in Virginia, 
but removed early to Kentucky. The little 
schooling he got was in 
a log-cabin ; but soon 
his genius showed it- 
self. He was elected 
to the Senate, and rose 
to have a commanding 
voice there. When he 
proposed the " compro- 
mise bill," his friends 
said it would lessen his 
chances for the presidency, 
be right than be president'' was Clay's noble 
reply. His manners were peculiarly win- 
ning, and no statesman was ever more loved. 
He died the same year as Webster. 



To what office 
was he elected .'' 



Relate the 
anecdote of him. 




Henry Clay. 

I would rather 



What is said 
of his manners ? 

Date of his 
death. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 



151 




38. John C. Calhoun was born In South 
CaroHna, in 1782. He was the greatest 

statesman of the South. 
For forty years he was 
in pubhc hfe, and had 
much influence, espe- 
cially in the South. He 
was noted for the keen- 
ness of his intellect and 
the force of his logic. 
Calhoun was a power- 
john c. Calhoun. f^^j advocatc of the doc- 

trine of the right of a State to secede from the 
Union. This has made his name disliked 
in the North ; but Webster said of him : " He 
had unspotted integrity and honor unim- 
peached ; nothing groveling, low, or meanly 
selfish came near his head or heart." He 
died in 1850. 

39. These three great men were all can- 
didates for the presidency and w^ere all tui- 
siiccessfuL 



When and 
where was Cal- 
houn born ? 

What is said 
of him ? 



For what was 
he noted ? 



What doctrine 
did he advocate? 



What effect 
had this ? 



WHiat did 
Webster say of 
him ? 

Date of his 
death. 

WHiat remark- 
able fact is 
stated ? 



INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS. 



40. From the earliest period, what we now ^ ^^^'^f ^-"""^ 

^ ^ ^ Texas been r 

call the State of Texas had been claimed as a 



152 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What is said part of MexIco. However, many Americans 

of the American ^ . . "l 

had settled m that region. Thev did 



settlers ? 



Who forced 
the Mexicans to 



give up 



What did our 
government 
then do ? 

When did 
Texas come 
into the Union ? 



in tnat region. They did not 
like the way the Mexican government treated 
them, so, in 1835, they rose up and declared 
Texas an independent State. 

41. War now broke out. General Sam 
Houston \Iietc shLn~\ led the Americans. He 
fought so skilfully that Santa Anna, the 
Mexican commander, had to give up in 
1836. Then our government acknowledged 
the independence of Texas. In 1845, Texas 
was admitted into the Union. 



THE FIRST TELEGRAPH. 



Where was 
the first tele- 
graph ? 



Who invent- 
ed it ? 



Repeat what 
is said. 



42. The 
graph ever 
stretched 



Washington and 



m 



first tele- 
built was 
between 
Bal- 
the year 



timore 
1844. 

43. The telegraph 
was invented by Pro- 
fessor Samuel Morse, 
a native of Massachu- 
setts. Congress gave 




Professor Samuel F. B. Morse. 



him thirty thousand 



dollars to try if his invention would work. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 1 53 

It was a perfect success, and now w^e have w^hatofthe 
over one hundred thousand miles of telegraph. 

THE MEXICAN WAR. 

44. When Texas w^as annexed to the ^^^''^^^'J^^ 

'/ ^ ^ Henry Clay say 

United States, Henry Clay said that the an- about' annexa-' 

nexation would be a cause of war with Mexico. 

A war with that country broke out in 1846, ^iiatwar 

-^ ' took place ? 

which lasted two years, and resulted in the 
complete success of the United States. 

45. We must now learn the cazises of the Howtriany 

^^ ^ _ causes of the 

war. There were three principal reasons. ^^''^^ were there? 
First, the Mexicans, being very angry because Tcii the first. 
Texas had joined the Union, committed many 
outrages on the Texans ; this stirred up a 
very hostile spirit. Secondly, the Southern The second. 
States were jealous of Mexico, because slave- 
holding had been abolished by its government, 
in obedience to the Pope of Rome; and Mexi- 
co was likely to afford an easy place of refuge 
for fuo^itive slaves. The third reason was that , ."^v'^-itwas the 

o ^ third reason ? 

ever since Texas had separated from Mexico 
the Mexican government had been disputing 
about what was the right boundary between 
its territorv and Texas. The Mexican orov- 
ernment said the Nueces \jizvay' sccs\ River 



154 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



was the right boundary ; the United States 
said it was the Rio Grande \j^eo g7^and'y\ 
Then the United States government pro- 
posed that a Hne should be fixed by commis- 
sioners appointed from each country. This 
proposal the Mexicans rejected. Then they 
began to injure and insult the Texans. 

46. Under these circumstances, our gov- 
ernment, in the spring of 1846, ordered Gen- 
eral Taylor to advance with a force to the 
Rio Grande. This immediately led to a 
conflict. Two actions took place, and Gen- 
eral Taylor was victorious in both. 

47. When the news of these battles reached 
the United States, it set the whole country 
in a blaze. Congress 
declared war, raised a 
large army, and put it 
under General Scott. 

48. In the mean 
time, General Taylor ^S, 
continued successful, ^ 
and beat the Mexican 
general Santa Anna in 



What did our 
government 
propose ? 



Was it ac- 
cepted ? 

Wliat then ? 

State what 
our government 
now did 



Did this lead 
to war ? 



What effect 
did the news 
have ? 

What did 
Congress do ? 



What of Tay- 
lor meanwhile ? 




General Scott. 



two more battles, — at Monterey (September, 
1846) and Buena Vista SJ)way' 7tah vecs'tali\. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. I 55 

40. General Scott besran his campaion , iiowdidScott 

^ ^ p X o begin his cam- 

( March, 1847) by capturing the seaport of paign ? 
Vera Cruz. He then commenced his march ^vhatthen? 
toward the Mexican capital. 

50. The first opposition met with was at , ^^here was 

^ ^ ^ ^ the first opposi- 

the rocky pass of Cerro Gordo, where Santa tion met ? 
Anna was intrenched. This position was 
carried by storm, and the army continued its j^^^^^ ^'^^ ^e- 
march up the high table-land of Mexico. 

51. F'rom Puebla the advance was up From here the 

^ ^ ^ ^ advance was 

the Cordilleras Sj:or-deel-yed ras\. Reaching where ? 

their crest, the army saw before it a mag- scene7rom the^ 

nificent panorama of snow-capped mountain- ^^^^^' 

peaks, while in the beautiful valley below lay 

the ancient capital of the Montezumas. It 

was the very scene on which Cortez and his "^j^^ ^'^^^. 

-^ gazed on it in 

armored array of Spaniards had gazed more oiden times ? 
than three hundred years before. 

52. For the defence of the city, the Mexi- Mexicans for'^' 
cans had a number of fortresses and castles, J^^',^^,g'7'^ ^^' 
beginning about fifteen miles beyond its lim- 
its. The first of these strongholds was ^^^^^^""^ ^^ ^^^^ 
Churubusco, which was taken by assault. 

After this there remained the massive citadel ^iJinecfafter 
of Chapultcpec, built upon a rock, wliich rose t'^'^? 
one hundred and fifty feet from the plain. 



156 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Describe the 
attack. 



What was the 
effect of the fall 
ofChapultepec ? 

When did the 
army enter the 
capital ? 

What was the 
result of the cap- 
ture of the city ? 

Date of the 
treaty. 

State what 
the Mexicans 
gave up. 



53. After a heavy bombardment, the 
storming column was thrown forward. With 
a shout and rush the Americans made their 
way up the steep rock, and leaped the in- 
trenchments, sweeping away the Mexicans. 

54. Chapultepec had been their main re- 
liance, and when it was taken they lost all 
hope. Next day, September 14, 1847, the 
American army entered the city of Mexico. 

55. The capture of the Mexican capital 
ended the war. In February of the next year 
a treaty of peace was made. By this treaty 
the Mexicans gave up to our government the 
whole of California and New Mexico. 



What did 
Fremont hear 
and do .'' 



Were the 
Americans vic- 
torious ? 



What was the 

result .'' 



CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA. 

56. Just before the breaking out of the 
Mexican war, Captain John C. Fremont, who 
was in Oregon, heard that the Mexicans in 
California were giving trouble to some Ameri- 
cans who had settled there ; so he went into 
California and headed the Americans. They 
beat the Mexicans in several little engage- 
ments, and Captains Sloat and Stockton took 
some of the California seaports. 

57. The result was, that when the war 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. I57 

closed, in 1848, California was part of the 
territory which the Mexican government 
gave up to the United States. 

DISCOVERY OF GOLD. 

58. Very soon after California was ciiven "^vhat great 

^ ^ ^ ^ *-* discovery took 

up to the United States, a great discovery place in Caiifor- 

. , '1-1 • 1 r T r '^'''' ^"^' when ? 

took place there. 1 his w^as the nndnig of 
gold in large quantities. 

59. The ofold was found accidentally on How was the 

^^ . ^ . ^ gold found ? 

the American River (a branch of the Sacra- 
mento) in a mill-race that was building for a 
Colonel Sutter. 

60. When the men beo^an to look farther, ^^'^ jhev find 

«=> more ot it ? 

they found the precious metal in great abun- 
dance. Soon the news spread. From the what took 

^ place when the 

East, and in fact from almost the whole jcws spread ? 
world, thousands of people flocked to the £/ 
Dorado, as it was called, or land of gold. 

61. The orrowth of California was perfect- what of the 

'^ , ^ growth ot Cali- 

ly wonderful. Soon San Francisco became tomia ? 

a great city, and is now the centre of all the what of San 

• IT,. 1 A-1 • /'-IT • Francisco? 

commerce with India and China. California 

now produces not only orold in orrcat abun- ^vhat does 

*■ ... California now 

dance, but large quantities of wheat and produce? 
wool and wine. 



158 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



When admit- 
ted into the 
Union ? 



62. California was admitted into the Union 
as a State in 1850. 



What was 
thought to be 
the West, for- 
merly ? 



Where is it 
now ? 

When were 
Kansas and Ne- 
braska settled ? 

When admit- 
ted ? 



When did the 
Mormons go 
West ? 



Where did 
they settle ? 



What led to 
the settlement 
of Nevada ? 



What setded 
Oregon ? 



THE NEW FAR WEST. 

63. When your parents were your age, 
the West used to be Ohio and lUinois ; but 
every year people moved farther and farther 
towards the setting sun, and now we have a 
new " Far West " beyond the Mississippi. 

64. It was about twenty years ago that 
Kansas and Nebraska began to be settled. 
Kansas was admitted into the Union in 
1 86 1, and Nebraska in 1867. 

65. In 1846 the sect of people called the 
Mormons removed from Illinois into the 
very heart of the Rocky Mountains. They 
settled in Utah under Brigham Young, and 
founded the city of Great Salt Lake. They 
believe in having many wives. 

66. The discovery of silver in Nevada led 
to the settlement of that country, and in 
1864 it came into the Union as a State. 
Gold in Colorado has attracted large numbers 
there. The great rush of people to the Pa- 
cific coast soon settled Oregon, and in 1859 
it came into the Union as a State. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 



^59 





67. Now the vast plains be- 
yond the Mississippi, which 
used to be crossed with such toil 
by the emigrants, with their slow-movinor ox-trains, are 
traversed by the great Pacific Railroad, and you 00 from 
New York to San Francisco in seven days ! 



Question. — What can you say of the great plains now? 



6o PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Tell what you 68. You will noticc in the last picture a 

see in the pic- .... 

ture? scene beyond the Mississippi. You will ob- 

serve the astonished Indians, who may stand 
as the emblem of the past, gazing on the fly- 
ing locomotive, the type of the present. 

THE SLAVERY STRUGGLE. 

What subject 5q^ Almost siucc the besfinninof of our 

has always given -^ o o 

great trouble ? government, the subject of slavery has given 
great trouble in our country. 
When were yo. In the old colouial times, there were 

there slaves ' 

North as well ncgro slavcs iu the North as well as in the 

as South? 01 T) • 1 AT 1 1 r ' 

Were there bouth. But HI the North they were few m 
NortV? ^^ numbers, and gradually they became fewer. 
sia^Jlr^ flomish 7 ^ ' "^^"^ '^'^^ South slavcry flourished gready. 
in the South ? This was owing to the great demand for ne- 
groes to work on the plantations, cultivating 
tobacco, cotton, sugar, and rice. By the year 
How many j g5o ^j-^g blacks of the South had increased 

negro slaves in 

i860? to about yb?/r millio7ts. 

When did 72. About fifty ycars ago, there began to 



there begin to 
be a feeling 
against slavery 



be a feeling bc quitc a stroug fccling against slavery on 



the part of many people at the North. This 
When did showed itself very strondy in the year 1820, 

this show Itself? , ■' . . . 

when it was proposed to admit Missouri as 
a State. The South wanted it to be a slave 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



State ; the antislavery people desired that it 
should come in as a free State. 

73. The matter was finally arranged by what ,,,.[/t^.7^\'^^st^^ 
is called the " Missouri Compromise." In this arranged ? 

it was agreed that slavery should be allowed 
in Missouri, but excluded in the new territo- 
ries north of the southern line of Arkansas. 

74. Thirty-four years after (in 1854), when ^, .^^'^^^ ^^'^^ 

' r J ^ \ v^-r/' ^ this compromise 

it was i)roposed to make Kansas a territory, done away with? 
those who favored slavery succeeded in hav- 
ing this compromise done away with. Con- cJiygresi^^ss'^ 
gress passed a law that in Kansas the people il'^^JJ^f'^''^' '" 
were to be left to say whether they w^ould 
have slaves or not. 

75. Now there began a great rush into ^o^^began"?^ 
Kansas of those who opposed and those who 
favored slavery. There was quite a long ^j^JgY^*°°'' 
" border w^arfare " there, and this kept up the 
excitement all over the country. 

76. After this there were several things, such t,,i^)g^^H.°;l'^'' 
as the " Fugitive Slave Law " and the " John |;^;;';JJ,i„gf ^ 
Brown raid," which stirred up a great deal of 

bad feeling. 

ELECTION OF LINCOLN. 

^-t. Such was the state of the country in gJe^'ofThe'^' 
the year i860, when the time came to name 



l62 



PRIMARY HISTORY, 



country at wliat 
time ? 

Were til ere 
seveial caiuli- 
dates named ? 



Who was 
nominated by 
tlie Republi- 
cans ? 

When was 
the vote ? 

Wlio was 
elected ? 

Give what is 
said about Lin- 
coln. 



Tie took the 
side of what 
party ? 

When was he 
assassinated ? 



a candidate for the presidency to succeed Mr. 
Buchanan. 

78. There were several persons named 
by the different political parties. The man 
nominated by the Reptiblican party (which 
was opposed to slavery being spread any 
farther) was Abraham Lincoln. The people 
voted on the 6th of November, i860, and 
when the votes were counted, it was found 
that Lincoln was elected president. 

79. Abraham Lin- 
coln was born in 
Kentucky, but when 
he w-as a young man 
he moved with his 
parents to Illinois. 
He had very little 
schooling. However, 
he studied law and 
was elected to Con- 
gress. When the 
Republican party arose, he took that side 
very strongly. Lincoln was tall and gaunt 
in person, w^th a sad, careworn face. We 
shall afterwards see that he was assassinated 
in the year 1 865. 




Abraham Lincoln. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY. 1 63 



SECESSION. 

80. At the time of Lincoln's election, there , i^'^' "\"^\ ^^ 

the ])c-o])le love 

is no doubt that most of the people, North t'^e Union at 
and South, loved the Union. But there were who stirred 

. , 1 1 • 1 T 1 o 1 "P ^^^^^ feeling ? 

Violent men on both sides. In the bouth what did the 
there were the Secessionists, who said that 53^?^^°"'^ ^ 
when the people of the North voted for Mr. 
Lincoln it showed that they were bent on 
abolishing slavery. 

81. The secession leaders soon set the ^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^"^I ^'^^ 

Secessionists 

whole South in a blaze. South Carolina soon do ? 

Which State 

took the lead, and in December, i860, seceded, seceded first ? 
that is, left the Union. Mississippi, Alabama, -)\^'^VJ^^'^^ 
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas fol- 
lowed within a month. 

82. In February, 1 86 1 , these States formed ^ ^^''^^^ ^^'^^ '^^ 

J ' ' Southern gov- 

a government of their own, which they called cmment called? 
the Confederate States. They elected leffer- ^^'.']" ''f 

-/ ^ ^ -^ ^ president ? 

son Davis president. 

83. It was now plain that the government ,,^^J|;i;'i,7',,'^^, 
must cither allow the seceded States to go ^'^ ^'""^ • 
out, or fight to bring them back. You will 

now see how out of these troubles there grew 
a tremendous war. 



164 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



PART IV. 

THE REBELLION, OR WAR OF SECESSION. 



I. THE WAR BEGINS. — FORT SUMPTER. 
When Lin- i, Abraham Lincoln became president 

coin became ^ 

president, how Oil the 4th of March, 1 86 1. At this time 

many States had r- i o i i ^ 1 r 1 

seceded.? scvcn boLithem States had seceded from the 

SeSs^slonisfs^''^ Uiiion. The Secessionists had seized the 
done > foi'ts and arsenals and navy-yards of the gov- 

ernment in the South. 
What was ai- 3. At the time of President LincohVs 

most the only 

inauguration, Fort Sumpter, in Charleston 
Harbor, was almost the only fort in the South 
where the United States forces had a foot- 
hold. It was defended by a small garrison 
under Major Anderson. 
What had the n A larQre Southern force under General 

Southern force -r* 

done? Beauregard [do-re^-ara^'^ had built batteries 

to fire on the fort. 
bo™iTh°eln'^ 4- ^^^^ bombardment began on the morn- 
and the result', [^g of April 1 2, 1 86 1. At the cud of thirty- 
six hours, Anderson surrendered the fort. 



fort the United 
States held ? 



Who defend 
ed it ? 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. 1 65 



5. The news of the bombardment of Fort what effect 

SI , 1 , . did the news of 

umpter caused the greatest excitement thetaiiofSump- 

throughout the North. It was plain that '''''"'" ' 

there was now to be war, and Sumpter was 

the first scene in this dreadful drama of 

blood. 

6. The President immediately called for what did Lin- 

■' coin call (or ? 

seventy-five thousand volunteers. This call Wasitan- 

. , „ swered ? 

was answered with the greatest zeal. From 

all quarters armed men hastened forward to , where did 

,Tr 1 . , ^. the troops go? 

VV asnington City. 

7. In the mean time eis^ht other slave ./^"J' "'""'u , 

' o other States had 

States, includino: Virmnia, had seceded. The 'meanwhile se- 

00 ceded ? 

Confederate government made Richmond its what city was 

, , , 1 r- 1 made the capi- 

capital, and soon there was a large Southern tai? 
force in Virginia. 

8. The Commander-in-Chief of the Union ^^ who was the 

Union corn- 
army was the veteran General Scott. He m'Tit'er? 

■' What did 

sent troops across the Potomac into Virginia. General scott 
Several skirmishes took place at this early Leaving out 
period of the war ; but there was no impor- wh.Twart'he 
tant battle until Bull Run, in July, 1861. batlie"''^'''"' 

II. BATTLE OF BULL RUN. 

9. When the people of the North saw a ^,^\!^''^^ '^'V^'" 

A i iNorth now bc- 

large force collected at Washington, they be- gin to cry? 



i66 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 




gan to cry, " On to Richmond ! " 
The Southern force was at Bull 
Run, twenty-five miles south of 
Washington. Beauregard was in command. 

JO. The Union army moved out under General Mc- 
Dowell (General Scott being too old to take the field), to 



Questions. — Vrhere was the Southern army posted ? Vv'ho commanded ? 
The Union army went forth under whom? 



THE WAR OF SFXESSION. 1 67 

attack the Confederates at Bull Run. There ^^''^^ic was 

was a fierce fight there on Sunday, July 21, 

186 1. Both sides fought with great valor, Tcii about it. 

and up to three o'clock in the afternoon the 

Union army had ratlier the better of it. 

11. Then fresh troops came to help the ^ ^\''^" ''■'^"'^ 
Confederates, and thev broke the ranks of ^ame up, what 

1 T T • IT \ ''^^'"^ place ? 

the Union soldiers, who began to retreat. 
The officers could not stop them. They 
fled across the stone bridge (see illustration 
on the previous ]DaQ;e), and soon the rout be- '''cii about the 

^ 1 ^^5 /' retreat. 

came a panic. The troops could not be 
stopped till they reached the fortifications 
around Washington. 

1 2. The principal cfcc/ of the batde of Bull „ ^^''^i^^ '''' , 

i i^ M the i^nncipal ef- 

Run was to show the whole country that a 1^^'^ "^ ^^^'" 

■^ Run ? 

terrible war was upon it, — not a holiday affair, 

as many had supi:)Osed. Both sides now set V''"! '^'1^ , 

-^ ^ ^ i each side du ? 

to work forming great armies. President 
Lincoln called for /^a// a million of troops. 
The whole South, also, rushed to arms. 

13. General Georo;c B. McClellan, who ^y^,"'."'' 

^ ^ made L niou 

had been successful ao-ainst the Confederates (-'jmmander ? 
in West Virginia a short time before Bull 
Run, was now made General-in-Chief He 
passed the winter in training the armv. 



1 68 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



III. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862. 
Were there a ia Durinor the lono^ war of four years 

great many bat- . ^ ^ -^ 

ties during the which HOW followed, there were so many bat- 
war ? - 

ties that you would not be able to remember 

the names of half of them. You may here- 
after read the history of the war in larger 
We are to books ; but for the present it is only need- 

learn about the ' ^ -' 

most important, ful for you to kuow the principal battles and 

are we not ? . -^ 

their result. 
Where did I n;. In 1 862 the war opened at the West. 

the war open m ^ ^ ^ 

1862 ? The first important event was the 

CAPTURE OF FORT DONELSON. 

Where was 16. Fort Douelsou was a strono^hold of 

Donelson ? *-^ . 

the Confederates on the Cumberland River, 

Why impor- in Teuuessee. It was the key-point in a line 

of defences to guard the Southwestern States 

against invasion from the North. 

What force j y^ p^ Uuiou forcc, uudcr Brio-adier-Gen- 

and fleet moved ' ^ ^ 

against it? eral U. S. Grant, with a fleet of o-unboats com- 

manded by Commodore Foote, moved against 

Fort Donelson. It was besieged by land and 

What was the bombarded from the river till the Confeder- 

cnd of the siege? « 

ates surrendered ( February 16, 1862). 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. 1 69 

18. The effect of the capture of Donelson , state the ef- 

■^-^ ^ feet ol the cap- 

was very important. It encouraged the tme ofDonei- 

North, and obliged the Southern army to 

leave the city of Nashville. 

BATTLE OF SHILOH. 

IQ. The next ^reat battle in the West Name the 

-^ C) ^ ^ next great 

was fought at Shiloh, on the Tennessee Riv- Western battle? 
er. Generals Grant and Buell commanded „,,j^,yj'^°p''"'" 
on the Northern side, and Generals Albert 
Sidney Johnson and Beauregard on the 
Southern. 

20. It was the Confederate side \vhich ^^^JJ^jf^^ ^;^^1^ 
made the attack (April 6). At first they were ^^''^' ■ 
very successful, and drove the Union force '^^^n about it. 
down to the river's brink. But General 
Johnson was killed, night came on, fresh 
troops for the Union side arrived, and next ^^ ,., , 

i How did the 

morning, after a brisk fight, the Southerners battle end ? 
retreated. 



BRAGG'S INVASION OF KENTUCKY. 

2 1. In the summer of 1862, a large South- . inwhatdircc- 

•^ tion did brapg s 

ern army, under General Bragg, moved north- ^rmy 
ward from Chattanooga into Kentucky. The 
Union army had to fall back to the Ohio 



move 



170 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



River. After the Southern troops had gath- 
the'^dfin'iven- ^^^^ ^ great quantity of supplies, they re- 
tucky? treated. There was no battle with this army 

till December, 1862. 

BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO'. 

Name the 2 2. This actiou was fouQ^ht between an- 

next battle with ^ "^ 

Other Union army of the West under General 
Rosecrans and the Confederates under Braoo-. 
It was a very hard fight, and lasted three 
days. The Union army held the battle-field, 
^^^state the re- ^^-^^j heuce it was a sort of victory ; but both 
sides lost terribly. 

Repeat what 23. YoU SCC, thcu, that the principal bat- 

were the three ^ ^ ^ ^ 

Western battles tlcs of the Wcst, in 1 862, wcrc Fort Donel- 

of 1862. 

son, Shiloh, and Murfreesboro'. 



bragg s army. 

Who was the 
Union com- 
mander ? 

Was it a hard 
fight ? 



McCLELLAN'S CAMPAIGN OX THE PENINSULA 
important event 



State the first 24. In the East, the first important event 



of 1862 in the of 1862 was the campaign on the Yorktown 
peninsula, in Virginia. General McClellan 
AT^^^I'li '""^^ moved his army from Washino-ton there by 

McClellan ^ , -^ , ^ -^ 

idea in going to water, iu the sprincr. The od/ec^ was to take 

the peninsula ? ^^ . , a o ^ 

Richmond. 
Where were 25. The Confederates were met behind 

the Southern ^ 

troops met? earth works at Yorktown, where Cornwallis 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. I7I 

had surrendered to Washington. Here there 
was a siege of a month, and then the South- 
ern army fell back toward Richmond. 

26. Several battles took place in the vicin- /^^'i\^t took 

^ place here ? 

ity of Richmond. But the Union army was 

not successful. General Lee was in com- state the re- 
sult. 
mand of the Southern army. He forced what did 

Eee force ^Ic- 

General McCJcllan to retreat to Harrison's cieiian to do? 
Landinor, on the lames River. The North- ^vllcrc\vas 

^ •' , the Nonhern 

ern army was now ordered to be shipped army now 

11 MiT 1 • shipped? 

back by water to Washmgton. 

27. While this was Q-oino- on, General what did Lee 

' ^. ^ . do while this 

Lee marched northward with his army. He was going on? 
beat a Union force under General Pope at 
Manassas, and then crossed the Potomac 
into Maryland. 

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM. 

28. In Maryland, one great batth took i,,^^^^'';,,^,^'''* 
place between General Lee and General place in Marv- 

^ . land ? 

McClcllan. This was the battle of Antie- 

tam, fought September 17, 1862. It was Teii about it. 

very hard fought on both sides, and resulted 

in great loss of life. In consequence of this 

battle, Lee was forced to recross the Potomac ^hc result ? 

into Virginia. 



172 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG. 

Name the 20. The next s^reat battle in Viro-Inia was 

next great battle . G -" 

in Virginia. at Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock 

River. It was fought in December, 1862. 

The Confederate commander was General 

Who were Lcc ; the Union commander was General 

the command- 
ers.? Burnside, who had been put in the place 

of General McClellan, as leader of the army 

Tell the re- of the Potomac. The result was a terrible 

suit. 

defeat to the Union army. 
ch^rbatue^s'of ^O- You will scc, then, that the principal 

1862 in the battles of the East in 1862 were the cam- 
Last. 

paign on the Peninsula, the battle of Antie- 

tam, and the battle of Fredericksburg. 



What is said 
of the capture 



CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS. 

31. One of the greatest events of the war 
of New Or- was the capture of New Orleans. The Con- 

leans ? 

whatdefend- federates had forts below New Orleans to 

^^^^^' prevent the Union ships from going up and 

attacking the city. Thus, by holding New 

Orleans, the Confederates controlled the 

navio^ation of the Mississippi River. 

When did the ^ . ^^ 

fleet go there, 32. In thc sprmg of 1 862, a large fleet of 
whom.? war-vessels, under Admiral Farragut, sailed 




Tilt; Capture of New Oi leans. 

to the Mississippi to attack New 

Orleans. The fleet sailed up 

stream till it came to the southern 

forts, St. Philip and Jackson. These 

Farrairut bonil^ardcd for six days ; 

but he could not do them much 

harm. What do you suppose he then determinccl Lu ao t 

To run past the batteries. 

l^. The Confederates had stretched a stout chain 



Questions. — What forts did it come to > Tell what Farragut did. What did 
he now determine to do ? 



174 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



river the Con- 
federates had. 



Tell vvhat de- aci'oss the Hver to prevent the passas^e of 

fences of the , ^ i o 

the ships. They had also fire-rafts to let 
loose among the Union vessels, and float- 
ing batteries and gunboats. Farragut man- 
aged to destroy the chain, ;:.rA oii the 24th 
comit''of^rmr ^^ April his fleet steamed past the forts, 
ning the batter- ran the ficry crantlet of the rafts, and met 

les and the fight. ^ ^ 

and destroyed the Confederate squadron. 
What xyas Thcu the flcct stcamed up to New Orleans, 

the result ? . ^ ' 

which was forced to surrender. 



THE MONITOR AND MERRIMAC. 

^T^'fl''^' 1 34- One of the most remarkable naval 

markable naval ^~ 

battle is spoken actious ou rccord was the combat between 

of? 

the Monitor and Merrimac, in March, 1862. 
What was the or j\^q Mcrrimac was a Confederate 

Mernmac? . 

iron-clad war-vessel, which had been built 

at Norfolk. Suddenly, one day, she steamed 

Tell about her gut and attacked a fleet of Union war-vessels, 

raid on the ' 

Union ships, near the mouth of James River. She ran 
against and sank the Cumberland, and com- 
pelled the frigate Congress to surrender. 
Next day she was to finish the rest of the 
fleet. 

What came ^ -r> i • i • i i • i 

on the scene 36. but duHug the night thcrc arrived 

nigiu? ^^ fi'om New York a strange new iron craft, 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. 1 75 

which had just been built, and was called the 
INIonitor. 

-,7. It was nicknamed the " Yankee cheese- ,/ w^°"^ ^^'' 
box," on account of its being a revolving 
iron tower placed on an iron-plated hull, which 
only rose a few inches above the water. 

38. In the morning, the Monitor attacked c„Ji;i;'^j''",,e''' 
the Merrimac, and, after a fierce fight, com- '"'c'^t. 
pelled the terrible Confederate ram to steam, 
disabled, into Norfolk. A little while later 

she was blown up by the Confederates for ^^f^^^^^^^^^" 
fear of being captured by the Union force. "^•*^^- 
This fight between two iron ships excited 
oreat interest all over the world. 

o 

IV. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863. 
THE EMANXIPATION PROCLAMATION. 

39. On New Year's day of 1863, Presi- j.,;;^;;:!;;;;:,:^^^ 
dent Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proc- j;;;;t;;^f °"' 
lamation. This declared all the slaves within sued? 

the borders of the Confederacy to he free. 

VICKSBURG. 

40. The capture of New Orleans opened 
the lower part of the Mississippi ; but the 



176 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Where had Confederates had a strono-hold at Vicksburo:. 

the Confeder- ^ o 



ates still a 
stroncfhold ? 



Here their batteries prevented the Union 
fleet from passing either up or down. 
,,, Who was the 41. xhe task of takinor Vicksburcr was 

Union com- ' . 

mander? given to General Grant. During the early 

Tell what he part of 1 863, he tried several ways of captur- 
ing the place ; but all failed. Finally, he 
What did he thouo-ht of ruunino^ past the batteries with 

at last think of ^ . 1 • 1 • 

doing? the ships, and marching his army down de- 

low and in the rear of Vicksburg. 
v^asthispian ^2. This plan was carried out. Grant 

earned out ? ' ^ 

succeeded in shutting up the Confederates 

thJsi'ecr'L^and ^^ Vicksburg. The place withstood a siege 

the surrender, of ^wo mouths ; but on the 4th of July, 1863, 

What other j|- |^^^ ^o Surrender. Port Hudson, the last 

stronghold fell ? ' 

Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi, 
Was the Mis- foUowcd. Thcu the orreat river ran free to 

sissippi now ^ 

open? the sea. 



When did 
Rosecrans ad- 



BATTLES AT CHATTANOOGA. 

43. In the summer of 1863, General Rose- 
vancefrom craus iTiarchcd south from Murfreesboro', 

Murfreesboro' ? 

where you remember a great battle had been 
How far did fouaht in December, 1862. The Confed- 

he follow the «^ 

Southern army? eratcs fell back to Chattanooga, Tennessee, 
and Rosecrans followed. Near Chattanooga 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. I 77 

the battle of Chickamaiio-a was fouoht in Sep- ^vhat battle 

1 T 1 r r 1 T T • tO^'^ P'^Ce ? 

tember. It was a defeat for the Union army. The result? 

44. Soon after this. General Grant took , '^""^^ ^^'^-'^t 

Grant did when 

command of the army at Chattanooga. In he took com- 
November, he attacked the Southern army 
at Missionary Ridge, and forced it to retreat. 

OPERATIONS AGAINST CHARLESTON. 

45. One of the princitDal stron2:holds of what is said 

, „ - .-,, of Charleston ? 

the Confederates was Charleston. In the 

spring of 1863, a fl<^ct of iron-clads, called /reii about 

P , the fleet that 

monitors, under Admiral Dupont, went to at- went against it. 

tack Fort Sumpter. The fleet was repulsed, 

and the attack failed. '^^'^^ result. 

46. After this General Gillmore built bat- ,..T^'' '''^'?.S 

Gillmore did 

teries, with great guns, on the islands near 
Charleston Harbor, and bombarded Fort 
Sumpter for months. It was at last knocked 
all to pieces; but the Union army was not Was the 

11 1 1 r ^-1 ^T-i Union army 

able to take the fort or C harleston. They able to take 

d' 1 i 1 -11 1 1 /- 1 Sumpter or 

id not surrender till near the end of the war. Charleston.? 



CHANCELLORSVILLE. 



47. You remember that the last battle 
fought in Virginia was Fredericksburg. 
After that General Burnside was followed 



1/8 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Who followed by General Hooker in command of the army 

Burnside in -^ •' 

command of the of the PotOmaC. 

Virginia army ? ottx/t r> tti ^ t 

Give an ac- 48. In May, 1 863, Hooker crossed the 

count of the bat- -r> 1 i "jI i • ^-i r^ r i 

tie of Chancel- Kappahannock with his army. 1 he Confed- 

lorsviiie. erates, under Lee, met him at Chancellors- 

ville, about ten miles from Fredericksburg„ 

Here a desperate battle took place. The 

Tell the re- result was that the Union army was defeated 

suit. ^ -^ 

with great slaughter, and had to recross the 
Rappahannock in very bad spirits. 



GETTYSBURG. 

What was the ^^^ f^e areatcst battle of the whole war 

greatest battle ^^ ^ 

of the war .? was fought at Gettysburg, in Pennsylvania, 
beften^^he''^^ 50. General Lee had beaten the Union 
Union army, army in Virorinia several times ; so he thous^ht 

what did he now y o ' o 

propose.? he would Carry the war into the North. He 

Tell vyherehe marchcd his army to the Potomac, which he 

marched. ^ -' 

crossed into Maryland. He then advanced 
northward into Pennsylvania, and it is sup- 
posed that he meant to go to Philadelphia. 
GelS Meade 5^' ^^^^^^^^ Mcadc, who had lately been 
<^o? made commander of the army of the Poto- 

mac, hurried forward to meet Lee. The two 
Where did armies met at Gettysburj^, in Eastern Penn- 

the two armies , y o 

meet .? sylvaiiia. 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. 



179 




^ 






#■ 







Gettysburg. 

52. The battle bcoan on the ist 
of July with a partial Southern suc- 
cess. On the second day, the Con- 
^^-^^f/^^^'^^"^''^.-' federates again attacked, but could 
not move the Union army. 

53. The third day General Lee again made a fierce 
onset. There were nine hours of desperate fight- 
ing, and then the Southern army was driven from the 



Questions. — Tell what took place the fust day. The second day. Give an 
account of the third day's battle. 



l8o PRIMARY HISTORY. 



field. The Confederate loss in killed and 
of The South'' wounded and prisoners was over thirty thou- 
sand ! 
Le^now re-"^ 54- After the battle of Gettysburg, Gen- 
treat? eral Lee retreated into Virginia, and took 
position south of the Rapidan River. The 
anr' did what? ^"^^^ army followed up to the north side; 
but nothing of importance took place there 
during the rest of the year. 

V. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1864. 
GRANT'S CAMPAIGN IN THE EAST. 

What were ^^^ T^g spring of 1 864 saw two s^reat 

the two Union ^^ . . 

armies in 1864? Uuiou armics in the field. General Grant 

\\ ho com- 111 . 1 /- 11 1 TT • 1 

mandedthem? had been put m command of all the United 
States forces. He left the Western army 
under the care of General Sherman, while 
he himself took command of the Army of 
the Potomac, in Virginia. 
When did r^^ In the month of May, General Grant 

Grant begm his ^ _ -^ 

movement? crosscd the Rapidan, and attacked the Con- 

Tellwhathe ^ , , 1 >> it • -, tttm 1 

did. federates under General Lee in the Wilder- 

ness. The battle was not decisive for either 
side. However, Grant advanced and en- 
gaged Lee again, and so kept fighting all 



THE WAR OF SECI£SSION. i8l 



the way down to the James River. The loss i^c fou.uiutiii 
to the Army of the Potomac in tliis battle- h verT '"' " ''""^ 
march ofa month was over fifty thousand men. Union loL 

57. When General Grant o-ot down to the ,. ^^'I^^it cities 

-^ cIkI Grant now 

James River, he proceeded to lay siege to '^y siege to ? 
Petersburg and Richmond. This lasted Howionjrdid 

1 • 111- ^ the siege last ? 

durmg the whole wmter of 1864-65. Sev- 
eral important actions took place ; but there 
was nothing decisive till the spring of 1865. 

SHERIDAN IN THE VALLEY. 

58. In the summer of 1864, General Lee Teii about 

r 1 /^ 1 -r- 1 ^'^^ senclincj 

sent a lorce under General Early to attack General Emiy 
Washington. They assaulted the works InglonCity.''''" 
around the national capital, but were re- 
pulsed. Early then retired to the Shenan- ^vhcedid 

, , TT 11 Earlv retire to? 

Goah Valley. 

59. General Grant now sent an army un- ^^^^'lomdid 

^ _ -' Grant send 

der General Sheridan against Early. Sheri- against him ? 
dan won a brilliant victory at Winchester, in ^ '^^'^ ''^^^""t 

--, "^ Sheridan's vic- 

beptember, and the next month gained an- tones, 
other battle at Cedar Creek. 

SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA. 

60. We must now turn to the West. At 
the same time that Grant advanced ao:ainst 



1 82 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What gen- Lcc (Mav, 1 864), Sherman attacked the Con- 

eral in the West ^ -^ ^^\ 

moved the same federates Under General J. E. Johnston, in 

time that Grant ^-, 

did? Georgia. 

the^L^ilulenf- ^^' ^^ Sherman advanced, he fought the 

ers back sher- amiv ODDOsed to him, and compelled it to 

man finally got y 1 1 ' 1 ^ 

to what city? fall back. In this way he won his way to 
Atlanta, a very important point. 

62. The Confederate government now 
put General Hood in place of Johnston. 

Why did . . , 

Hood resolve to Hood determined to invade Tennessee, think- 

see ? ing this would force Sherman to retreat. 

Sh^man^do? ^3* ^^^ '^^ placc of this, Sherman gave 

Thomas one half the army, to look after 

Tennessee, while with the rest he pushed 

through Georgia, burning and destroying, till 

he reached the sea-coast, and captured Sa- 

what had vannah. In the mean time Thomas had met 

Thomas done 



meantime? Hood's army at Nashville, and destroyed it. 



FARRAGUT AT MOBILE. 



What place 5^, Jn July, 1864, a powerful fleet, under 
a fleet under Admiral Farragut, was sent against Mobile, 



Farragut \ 



the harbor of which was delended by two 
strong forts. 

65. Farragut lashed his vessels together 
in pairs, stationed himself in the main-top 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. iS;: 

of his flacf-ship, and thus ran the fire of the Give an ac- 

• 1 1 1 r ^ 1 • count of what 

forts, With the loss of but one ship. He was done, 
engaged and captured the Confederate iron- 
clad Tennessee, and afterwards, with the as- 
sistance of a land force, took the forts. 

THE ALABAMA AND THE KEARSARGE. 

66. Durinsf this year immense loss was from what 

•-^ -^ , did Northern 

caused to Northern commerce by certain commerce suf- 

^ fer? 

Confederate cruisers built in England. F'rom 
the beginning of the war. Southern privateers 
had been so active that now hardly a North- 
ern merchant-ship could sail the seas. 

67. The most destructive of these vessels which was 

' 1 /^ • most de- 

was the Alabama, commanded by Captain stiuciive ship? 

Semmes. She had captured or burned over 

sixty ships; but in June, 1864, her career of 

destruction was brouG:ht to a close. The 

United States war-vessel Kcarsaro'c Wcca^'- Give an ac- 

^ ■- count of the 

sar?"], commanded by Captain Winslow, at- (^i^'it ^^'tii the 

■^ -* ■' ^ Kearsaige. 

tacked the Alabama off the coast of France, 
and after a brilliant fight of an hour sent her 
to the bottom. 

68. Now you must try to understand what j.^J;','^';'J,;;';f 
is meant by the "Alabama Claims," of which the "Alabama 

J Claims. 

you will read a great deal. You must remem- 



184 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



ber that the Alabama was built in Enorland. 
The United States government knew that 
she was really being built for the Confeder- 
ates, and asked the British authorities to pre- 
vent her from going to sea. But, notwith- 
standing this, the Alabama was allowed to 
sail out and destroy Northern ships. Hence 
the United States said England was to blame, 
and should pay damages. 

VI. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN. 
THE SITUATION IN THE SPRING OF 1865. 

What was 69. In the sprino^ of i86s, it was clear that 

plain in the 10 v^' 

spring of 1865 ? the end of the Confederacy was nicrh. Sher- 

Why was it - - , 11.-, 

clear that the man had gonc through the Southwest like a 
war was near an ^yj^jj-i^^jj^^^ ^f dcstruction. The United States 

war-vessels stood sentinel at every Southern 
seaport to prevent supplies from going in, and 
the resources of the South were nearly ex- 
hausted. 

SHERMAN'S OPERATIONS. 

70. The final campaign was begun by 
shlrmafi's"^ Sherman. From Savannah his army began 

march north- 
ward from Sa 



its advance northward (February i, 1865) to 
vannah. join Grant's army in Virginia. 

71. The Confederates had nothins^ to 



man 



How far did 
Sherman ad- 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. 1 85 

oppose to the advance of Sherman except a 
feeble remnant of an army under General 
Joseph E. Johnston. They made several ,. ^ouid the 

J ^ -^ J _ Southern force 

stands, but could not keep back the Union i^ccp Uick sher 
army, which marched northward through 
South Carolina and into North Carolina. 
Sherman advanced to Goldsboro', and John- 
ston retired with his force to Raleis^h. lust vance? 

, . . ^ , . . .,,... In what other 

at this tmie Grant was begmnmg m Vn-gmia place were great 
the series of operations which ended the war. ing? ^ ''-'^pp^" 

GRANT'S OPERATIONS. 

72. In the sprinor of 1865, General Lee ^vhere was 

' _ . . Lee at this lime? 

was still holding Richmond and Petersburg, 
with an army much reduced in strength. 
General Grant besran his operations by send- ^^"7/^'^! ,. 

o A J Grant begni his 

ing a force to attack a part of the Confcder- operations? 
ate defences of Petersburg, at Five P^orks. 
Here a battle was fought, April i, in which 
the Confederates were defeated. 

IX. Next day, a successful assault was what took 

' '-' -^ ^ place next day? 

made along the whole line of works in front 

of Petersburof. The result was that Lee, see- p'^^^ ^'^^ '^^^ 

^ ^ suit. 

ing that he could hold Petersburg and Rich- 
mond no longer, abandoned those places, and 
began a retreat westward. 



i86 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



Tell about the 
pursuit. 



74. Immediately a hot pursuit was com- 
menced. For a week the fearful race lasted. 
Several partial fights were made, and at last 
the Union van under Sheridan succeeded in 
planting itself squarely in front of the south- 
ern army. General Lee could now do noth- 
ing; so he surrendered his army to Grant at 
Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. 

75. In the mean time, Sherman had en- 
gaged Johnston at Raleigh, which city he 
entered April 13. At this time General 
Johnston heard of Lee's surrender. As he 
knew that resistance was now hopeless, he 
surrendered to General Sherman, April 26. 

When was the By the cud of May, all the Southern forces 

civil war at an "^ . , -^ 

end ? had laid down their arms, and the Civil War 

was at an end. 



When and 
where was the 
surrender ? 

Tell what took 
place between 
Sherman and 
Johnston. 



assassination of LINCOLN. 

76. The tidings of Lee's surrender caused 

great joy throughout the North. But in the 

What terrible midst of the rejoicino;s a terrible event hap- 

event happened . . . 

atthistmie.? peucd. President Lincoln was assassmated 

in the theatre at Washington. The man 

Give an ac- ^j-jq ^^^ ^j-j^ ^^^d. was a dcspcratc and proba- 

count of the as- ^ ^ ^ ^ 

sassination. bly iusaiic pcrson, named John Wilkes Booth. 



THE WAR OF SECESSION. 1 8/ 



Mr. Lincoln died the next morninof. Booth 
fled, but was overtaken and shot by one of 
his pursuers. 

PEACE. 

77. At the end of May, a two days' re- '^eiiofthe 

' ' ^ -^ J coming of peace. 

view of the armies of Sherman and Grant 
took place at Washington. The disbanding 
of the troops now began, and a million" of 
soldiers retired from the camp and bivouac 
to the pursuits of peaceful life. 

VII. FACTS AND REFLECTIONS. 

78. You have now learned the principal why was this 

. . . ^ / war a lamenta- 

facts of the great civil war in the United bie war.? 
States. It was one of the most lamentable 
contests in the history of the world, because 
it arrayed in strife the two sections of a peo- 
ple which had previously been the most hap- 
py and prosperous on earth. 

70. When the scholar grows up, and comes what should 

we remember 

to Study the history oi our country more iuUy, in j u d g i n, 

he will learn that the seeds of this contest 

were sown long before the men who waged 

the war were born. And this is a fact which 

we must never forget in thinking about this 

awful war. 



about the war. 



I 88 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



^^y^^* is said go. The principal cause of the war was 

of slavery ? ^ ^ 

slavery. The greatest result of the w^ar w^as 
the abolition of slavery. This has proved a 
benefit to the people of the South. 
What other 8i. Another ^ood effect of the war is, that 

good effect has . ^ itiati 

the war had? it has brought the people of the North and 

the South to understand each other better 

and respect each other more than they ever 

did. 

How much 82. The war w^as very costly, both in 

did the V'li'cost . '' , •' 

the North? trcasurc and in blood. At its close the 

North had a debt of nearly three billions of 

What of the dollars. The finances of the South were 

South ? 

utterly ruined. 
Tell about the %y Qu the Uuion side, it is estimated that 

loss of life. "^ 

three hundred thousand men were either 
How many l^iHed in battle or died from disease. Four 

were killed or 

wounded on huudrcd thousaud more were crippled or 

both sides ? . 

disabled for life. It w^ould be a low estimate 
to say that on both sides over one million 
OF men were either killed or received wounds 
during the war ! 
Is the Union 84. But wc must remember, that, above 

worth what it ^ ' ' 



cost? all, the war saved the Union, which is far 

beyond the price of money or of lives ! 





V/CINITYOF -/ ^^^^ ./'' ( 

CHATTANOOGA e°/ ^ ' / £ 




'^ \ JS_ci.iL_-!!: 



A REVIEW LESSON 



191 



VIII. A REVIEW LESSON. 



1. Tell ivhcii the IV ir of Secession be- 
gan, ho7v long it lasted, andzvhen it closed. 

It b.'s^an with the firing on Fort 
Sumpter, in April, 1861, lasted (o\ix 
years, and aided \\\\.\\ the surrender of 
Lee at Appomattox Court House, 

April, 1865. 

2. IV/iaf was the first important battle ? 

The battle of Bull Run in Vir- 
ginia. It was a defeat to the Union 
army. 

3. IV/iat were the most important opera- 
tions in the West in 1S62? 

General Grant capturcdFort Don- 
elson, — a Union success; foui^ht the 
battle of Shiloh, which was not deci- 
sive. General Rosecrans fought the 
battle of Murfreesboro', — a Union 
success. 

4 Name the most important naval oper- 
ation of 1 862, 

The opening of the lower Missis- 
sippi and the capture of New Or- 
leans by Admiral Farragut. 

5. What were the most important opera- 
tions in the East in 1 862 ? 

McClellan's campaign on the Pen- 
insula, acrainst Richmond, which was I 



not successful ; Lee's victories over 
Pope and invasion of Maryland, ter- 
minated by the battle of Antietam, 
which forced Lee to retreat into Vir- 
ginia. The battle of Fredericks- 
burg was fought in the last month 
of 1862, and was a Confederate vic- 
tory. 

6. What ivas the greatest military suc- 
cess in the West in 1863 ? 

The surrender of Vicksburg to 
General Grant on the 4th of July. 
This, with the capture of Port Hudson 
(which followed), resulted in opening 
the whole of the Mississippi River, 
and cutting the Confederacy in two. 

7. What xuas the ^ireatest Union triumph 
in the East in 1863? 

The battle of Gettysburg, fought 
July I, 2, and 3. 

8. Why 7vas this battle so important ? 

Because the Confederates had in- 
vaded the North in strong force, hav- 
ing previously beaten the Union army 
at Chanccllorsville, and, if Lee had 
been successful at Gettysburg, he 
could have captured Philadelphia and 
WashinLTton. 



192 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



9. Gh'e an account of the operations iii 
Virginia in 1864. 

In May, General Grant crossed the 
Rapidan River and attacked the Con- 
federates under Lee. The result was 
the battle of the Wilderness, which 
was not decisive. Grant then, by 
a series of " flanking " movements, 
forced his way down to the James 
River. In the course of this march 
several great battles were fought, as 
Spottsylvania, North Anna, and 
Cold Harbor. These were attended 
with great loss of life to the Union 
army. Grant then crossed the James 
River and laid siege to Petersburg 
and Richmond. 

10. Give an account of Sheridan^ s cam- 
paign in the Shenandoah Valley. 

In September, 1864, Sheridan 
fought the Confederates under Early 
at Winchester, — a Union victory. 
A month later, Early attacked the 
Union army at Cedar Creek; at first 
he was successful ; but in the after- 
noon Sheridan routed Early, and af- 
terwards destroyed that force. 

11. Gi7,'e an account of the operations in 
the West in 1S64. 

General Sherman advanced from 



Johnston in several great battles. 
He forced the Confederates to re- 
treat, and captured Atlanta. The 
Confederate army under Hood then 
moved north into Tennessee ; but 
General Thomas won a great victory 
over him at Nashville. In the mean 
time Sherman had marched through 
Georgia to the sea, at Savannah. 

12. Give an account of the campaign 
that elided the luar. 

In February, 1865, General Sher- 
man began to march northward from 
Savannah. Charleston and Colum- 
bia fell. Sherman advanced through 
South Carolina and North Carolina, 
and defeated the small Confederate 
army in several actions. He reached 
Raleigh at the end of March. In the 
mean time. Grant, in April, made an 
attack on the lines of Petersburg and 
Richmond. Lee evacuated these 
places, and retreated westward. The 
Union army pursued the Confeder- 
ates, and Lee surrendered at Appo- 
mattox Court House, April 9, 1865. 
Johnston surrendered to Sherman, 
April 26. 



JOHNSON S ADMINISTRATION. 



193 



PART V. 

ADMINISTRATIONS SINCE THE WAR. 



I. JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

RECONSTRUCTION. 

I. The Constitution what does 

the Constitution 

says that when a pres- say about a 

. 1 , T . rr l)resident dying 

ident dies in office, m office ? 
the vice-president shall 
take his place. At the 
time of Lincoln's as- 
sassination, Andrew 
Johnson was Vice- 
President, and a few 
hours after the Presi- 
dent's death, April 15, 1865, Johnson took 
the oath of office. 

2. President Lincoln lived to see the war 
ended, but not the Union restored. The 
great task before our o:overnmcnt was now what was the 

c ^ ' • ^ ^ great task the 

to arrange lor bringing back the Southern government 
States to their place in the Union. This "''''' 
was called Rcconsiriiction. 




Andrew Join 



Who now be- 
came president.'' 



194 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



3. President Johnson immediately set 
plsKiem^toid'' ^^^^^^ ^^"'^S this work. He told the South- 
the South. ern States that they must, i, blot out their 
decrees of secession ; 2, declare void the 
Confederate debt; and, 3, adopt an amend- 
ment to the Constitution (called the Thir- 
teenth Amendment), doing away with slavery 
forever, 
do^^hl^e things' 4. In the course of the year 1865, the 
Southern States did all these things. Slavery 
was blotted out. And now the South was 
ready to send representatives to Congress, 
and become once more a part of the United 
States, 
whatdifficui- r. But here a difficulty arose. President 

ty arose ? ^ -^ ^ 

Johnson had acted without consulting Con- 
gress, which was not in session at the time ; 
and when Congress did meet in December, 
1865, there was great dissatisfaction with 
what he had done. 
What was 6. Conorress was not willino^ that the South 

Congress op- ^ ^ 

posed to ? should come back on the President s terms. 
What did They wanted a Fourteenth Amendment to the 

Congress want r -^ ^ ^ 

Constitution, which should give to the freed 
negroes certain rights and privileges. John- 
son was opposed to this, and the Southern 



Johnson's administration. 195 



States would not adopt the Fourteenth Amend- ^vhat of 

^ Johnson and 

ment ; so they were kept out, and Congress the south? 
appointed military governors to rule them. 

7. Between President and Con2:ress there i^etween 

' ^ «-> whom was there 

was now a bitter struo:2:le, which lasted two ""^ a great 

T r r^ struggle? 

or three years. The policy of Congress at 

last was carried out. The South did what '^^'^'ch policy 

was carried out ? 

was required, and in 1868 and 1869 came 
back into the Union. 



IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT. 

8. The quarrel between Cono^ress and the ^vhatdidthe 

1 o ^ quarrel lead to ? 

President led to Johnson's impeachment in 

1868. The impeachment of a president e^^hmeJt^?^'" 

means accusing him of breaking the law, and 

trying him before the Senate. If he is found 

guilty, he is turned out of office. 

9. Congress said that Johnson had broken johnsmrshouid 
the law by attempting to remove Secretary be impeached, 
Stanton from office. After a long trial, the 
President was acquitted, only one vote more 
being needed to find him guilty. 



State the re- 



sult. 



THE FRENCH IN MEXICO. 

10. The relations of the United States 
with France, with regard to Mexico, was 



g6 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



What ques- another important question in Johnsons ad- 

tion about . . . t-a • mi 

France arose ? ministration. During our war, JN apoleon iii. 
poieon had ' scut an army, which defeated the Mexican 
^°"^" Repubhcans, in 1863, and the Archduke 

Maximihan was made Emperor of Mexico. 
coSt''of'what i^- The United States had to allow this 
slat^^dTd^ during our war, but at its close they de- 
manded of Napoleon that the French troops 
should leave Mexico. Napoleon found it 
best to do this. The Mexicans then rose 
against Maximilian and his soldiers and con- 
quered them. The end was that Maximil- 
ian was shot in June, 1867. 

PURCHASE OF ALASKA. 

Tell about the 13. By a treaty made in March, 1867, 

purchase of _ -^ -^ . 

Alaska. with the Russian government, the United 

States bought the Territory of Alaska. It 
is valuable for its fur and fish ; the price 
paid for it was $ 7,200,000, in gold. 

THE ATLANTIC CABLE. 

What triumph j ^^ j^ ^hc year 1866, science had one of 

of science is '-' -^ 

mentioned.? its grandest triumphs in the completion of 
the Atlantic Cable. It was laid by the steam- 
er Great Eastern, and stretches under the 



GRANTS ADMINISTRATION. 



197 



sea from Valencia Bay, in Ireland, to Heart's ^^^'^jf^^^^^^^^^^ 
Content, in Newfoundland, a distance of eigh- it runs, 
teen hundred miles. By means of this sub- 
marine telegraph, the Old and the New World 
are brou2:ht into instant communication. 



II. GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 

I. When the time 
came to choose a pres- 
ident to take the place 
of Johnson, the Re- 
publicans named as 
their candidate. Gen- 
eral U. S. Grant, and 
I the Democrats put 
up Horatio Seymour. 
Grant was elected, and 
on March 4, 1869, became president. 

2. As General Grant agreed with the Re- 
publican party, the dispute between Congress 
and the President was at an end. Hence 
both North and South looked forward to a 
better state of things. 

3. One of the most important things dur- 
ing Grant's administration was the adoption 
of the F^ifteenth Amendment to the Consti- 




Name the 
candidates for 
President in 
18C9. 



Ulysses S. Grant. 



Who was 
elected ? 

Was there 
any more quar- 
reling between 
Congress and 
the ['resident? 



What was one 
important thing 
in (Irant's ad- 
ministration ? 



198 PRIMARY HISTORY. 

tution (March, 1870). By this law the ne- 
groes of the South were made citizens and 
voters. 
Tell what . Durino^ the first year of President 

took place dur- ' ... 

ing Grant's first Grant's administration the last of the seceded 

year. 

states was restored to the Union. The South 
began to recover rapidly from the wounds of 
the war. 
What is a r jj^ ^\^q yg^j- jg^Q there was a countins: 

census ? ^ -^ ' ^ 

What did of all the people in the United States. This 

that of 1870 • 11 1 1 , 

show ? counting — called the census — takes place 

every ten years. It showed that the popu- 
lation of our country in that year was thirty- 
eight million five hundred and eighty-seven 
thousand persons (38,587,000). 
Who were (^ \^ the fall of 1872 the time came for 

the candidates ^ ' 

for president in anothcr presidential election. The Repub- 
licans again named General Grant as their 
candidate. Those who were opposed to the 
way in which the Republicans had managed 
public affairs named Horace Greeley. 
Who was y^ xhe choice fell upon General Grant, 

chosen r ' ^ ^ ^ ' 

who, accordingly, entered on his second term 

as president, March 4, 1873. 
grel^nfeirXo ^' ^^^^^i^^g the time in which Grant was 
died in 1870. president many eminent men died : — in 



GRANTS ADMINISTRATION. I99 



1870, General Robert E. Lee, the great 
Southern soldier in the war of secession, 
and General G. H. Thomas and Admiral 
Farragut, who both took a distinguished 
part on the Union side; — in 1872, William ii\i872and 

'■ ' tlie to] lowing 

H. Seward, the statesman, Professor Morse, years. 
the inventor of the electric telegraph, and 
Horace Greeley, the great journalist, who in 
this same year had been defeated as candi- 
date for the presidency; — in 1873, Chief 
Justice Chase ; — and in 1874, Charles Sum- 
ner, a United States senator from Massa- 
chusetts, who for many years was the most 
eloquent opponent of slavery. 

9. The great event of the year 1876 was what was 
the celebration of the Centennial, or hun- 
dredth birthday of the United States. To 
commemorate this event an " international 
exposition," or World's Fair, was held at 
Philadelphia. It was opened from May till ,,, ^leb^ated. 
November, 1876, and was attended by mil- 
lions of persons from all parts of our own 
country and from abroad. 

10. A hundred years is not a great while 
in the life of a nation ; but what progress has 
taken place during the century from 1776 to 



200 



PRIMARY HISTORY. 



isfaiKthe'^ ^^76. The thirteen stars in our flag had 

sutef '" increased to thirty-seven. The three mil- 

In popuia- hons of population had swelled to forty 

In area. millions. The area of settlement, widening 

beyond the narrow limits of the Atlantic 

seaboard, had stretched out until it covered 

the continent from ocean to ocean. 



Who was 
president after 
Grant ? 



11. HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. The next presi- 
dent after General 
Grant was Ruther- 
ford B. Hayes, of 
Ohio. He was elect- 
ed by the Republi- 
cans, and inaugu- 
rated March 5, 1877. 

2. A great rail- 
road strike took 




Rutherford B. Haj^es. 

The workmen 
on many of the roads in the Middle States 
refused to work because their employers 
had cut down their wages ; and they not 
only refused to work, but they would not let 
trains be run. The troops were called out, 
and put down the rioters, but at Pittsburgh 



Give an ac- 
count of the 1 • , 1 r r^ 

railroad strike placc m the summcr of 1877. 

in 1877. 



Garfield's and Arthur's administrations. 20: 



(in Pennsylvania) more than a hundred per- 
sons were killed. 

:;. In the far Southern States is a dreadful What can 

^ 1 • 1 y^" ^'^ll about 

disease ealled yellow fever, which comes the yeiiow fe- 

, ' T ^ 1 r ver in the 

nearly every summer. In the summer 01 south? 
1878 it broke out in a more fearful way than 
was ever known before. It spread from 
New Orleans north and through the cities 
on the Mississippi River, and many thou- 
sand persons died of it. 

A. In 1880 the tenth census was taken, what was 

^ the population 

It showed that the population of our coun- of the u. s. in 
try was then more than fifty millions. 



IV. GARFIELD'S AND ARTHURS ADMINIS- 
TRATIONS. 

I. The twentieth 
president of t h e 
United States was 
James A. Garfield. 
He was born of poor 
parents, and as a lad 
was employed to 
driv^e mules on the 
tow-path of a canal. 
James A. Garfield. But by hard work 




Name the 
twentieth pres- 
ident. 

Tell some 
facts in his life. 



202 PRIMARY HISTORY. 



he was able to get a good education, and 

when he grew up he became a teacher, and 

was afterwards a brave general in the war. 
pre'lXn/be'' ^' ^'^^^^" General Garfield became presi- 
have? dent (March 4, 1881), he acted so wisely and 

justly that the people soon grew to love 

and respect him. It 

was hoped that the 

country would now 

be happier than it had 

been for a long time. 
Tell the But just at this time, 

cause of his ^^ „,_ n i 

death. ^^ ^^^ ^H remember, 

the president was shot 
by a wicked man, and 
on the 19th of Sep- 
tember, I 88 I, he died. ehe.Ur a. Au.ur. 

The whole nation mourned his loss. 
Who is now 3. By the laws of the United States, when 

president ? , . t • 

the president dies m ornce, the vice-president 
takes his place ; so Chester A. Arthur, the 
vice-president under Garfield, now became 
president. 




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Word Primer. A Beginner's Book in Oral and Written Spelling, gepa^^es. 
\%'oi-d-Book ot'Spelilii;*-. Oral a d Written. Designed to atta'n practical results 
in the acquisiti )ii of the ordinary English vocabulary, and to serve as an introduc- 
tion to Word Analysis. 154 paaes. . 
Word Aiialy!*i«. 'A Graded Class-book of English Derivative Words, with prac- 
tical exercises in Spellin^, Analyzing, Definng, Synonyms, and the Use of N\ ords. 
I vol. 128 p;.ges. 
SWI^TON'S HISTOKIES. These books have attained great popularity. A 
new edition of the "Condensed" has just been issied, in which the work has been 
brouo-ht d Avn to the present time, and six colored m ps ha\ e been added. 

i'Ainary Hii!«*lory of U. S. First Lessons in our Country's History, bringing out 
the salient points, and aiming to combine simplicity with sense, i vol. square, 
fullv illustia cd. , ^ , , tt- . c .-u 

Coiidt-iiM-d Sriiool History of U. S. A Condensed School History of the 
United State ,consl<ucted for d.finile results in Recitation, and contoinii g a new 
method of Topical Reviews. New edition, broujht down to the present time. Il- 
lustrated with Maps, many of which are colored, Portraits and Illustrations, i vol. 
cloth. 300 pages. ,, . , , ,r j -.u 

Outlines of tlie World's History. Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern, with 
s lecial reference to the Hisiorv of Mankind. A most excellen work for the proper 
introJnction o! youth u;to the .,tudy of General History, i vol., with numerous 
maps and illustrations. 500 pages, i2mo. 
S"iVI\TO\'S GKOfiUAPHK' \L. COURSE. The famous "two book 
series." the freshest, best gtadcd, most beautiful and clieaiiest GeographicaH ourse ever 
imblishcd Of ihe lar^e cities that have adopted Swintons Gcogiaphics. we mention 
Washington. D. C, Rochester, N. Y., Troy, i . V., Bkooklyn. N. Y., New York C ity, 
KiNCSTo.N'. N. Y., AUGL-STA. Mc., Charleston, S. C . Lancaster. Pa.. W illiamsport. Pa 
Macon, Ga. I iround numbeis, they have been adopted in more than l.OOO C itiesand 
'lovns in all parts of the cmntw, and have, with marked preference, been made the 
bas s of Professional Trainins. in the Leading Normal Sehooh of the United States. 
Elemoiitury source in fi»'0«>:ri«i>liy. Designed as a class-book f r primary 
and intermediate grades; and as a complete Shorter Course for ungraded schools. 
128 pages, 8vo. , -r. ,• ■ 1 • u 

Complete Course ill Ocoirrsipliy. Physical, Industrial and Political; with a 
special Geography for each State in the Union. Designed as a class-book for inter- 
mediate and gra.i.mar grades. 136 pages, 4to. 

The Maps in both books possess novel features of the highest practical value 

in education. 

SWINTON'S RA:^IBI.ES A.IIONO WORDS; Their Poetry, History and 

Wisd )m. A Standard Work to all who love the riches of the English Language. By 

William Swinton, .M.A. Hands mely bound in flexible cloth and marbled edges. 302 

pages 

*** The above may be had, as a rule, from any bookseller ; but when not thus obtain- 
able, we will sui)iily them, transportation paid, at liberal rates. Descriptive Circulars and 
Price Lists will be sent on applicatiim. 

Very liboal terms for imroduction, exchange and exaiiiinaiion. 

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, Taylor & Co,, Publishers, 

yEW YORK and CHICAGO. 



Approved Text-Books 

FOR 

HIGH SCHOOLS 



THERE are no text-books that require in their preparation so much practical scholar- 
ship, combined with the teacher's experience, as those compiled for u^e in High 
Schools, Seminaries r.nd Colleges. The treatment must be succinct yet thorovgh ; accuracy 
of statement, clearness of expression, and scientific grr.dafon r,re indispensable. We have 
no rpccial claims to make for our list on the score of the Ancient Classics, but in the modern 
lariguages, French, German and Spanish, in Botanj', Geology, Chemistry and Astronomy, 
and in the Higher I\Iathema ics, Moral and Mental Science, etc. etc., we challnge com- 
parison with any competing books. Many of them r.re known to all scholars, and are 
reprinted abroad, while others have enjoyed a National reputation for many years. 



WOODBURY'S GERM Ayr COURSE. Comprisirg a full series, from 
"Tae Easy Lessons" t> the most advanced manuals. 

FASQURfJ.E\S F.'^EVCR COURSE. On the plan of Woodbury's 
]\Iethod ; also a complete series. 

MIXER'S MANUAL OF FRENCH POETRY. 

LANGUELLIER <& 3I0NSANT0' S FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

Il.^NNEQUIN'S FRENCH VERBS. 

MONSANTO' S :FRENCn STUDENT'S ASSISTANT. 

MONSANTO S LANGUELLIER' S SPANISH GRAMMAE. 

GRAY'S BOTANICAL SERIES. 

DANA'S WORKS ON GEOLOGY. 

ELIOT S STORER'S CHEMISTRY. 

ROBINSON'S HIGHER MATHEMATICS. 

SWINTON'S OUTLINES OF HISTORY. 

WILLSON'S OUTLINES OF HISTORY. 

CA THCA RT'S LITER A R Y RE A PER. 

HICKOK'S WORKS ON METAPHYSICS. 

HUNT'S LITERATURE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
WELLS' WORKS ON NATURAL SCIENCE. 

KERL'S COMPREHENSIVE ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 

TOWNSEND'S CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 
WHITE'S DRAWING. 

TAYLOR-KUHNER'S GREEK GRAMMAR. 

KIDDLE'S ASTRONOMY. 

SWINTON'S COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY. Etc. Etc. 



*H:* Descriptive Circulars and Price Lists will he sent to Teachers and Educationists on 
application. Liberal ter7ns will be made /or introduction., exchange arid elimination. 

I VI SON, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., 

PUBLISHERS, 
&SSG 'iSfi New York and Chicago. 







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